PHYLUM COELENTERATA /

CNIDARIA
S. Hery Poerwanto

SKEMA FILUM COELENTERATA

FILUM
COELENTERATA

CIRI CIRI

ASEKSUAL

REPRODUKSI

KLASIFIKASI

CARA
MENDAPATKAN
MAKANAN

SEKSUAL

ANTHOZOA

HIDROZOA

SCYPHOZOA

MANFAAT

Ciri-Ciri Coelenterata
1. Hewan berongga yang disebut gastrovaskular
(perut kosong/coelon) yang bertugas sebagai usus
dan pengedar zat makanan.
2. Memiliki tentakel dan penyengat yang disebut
nematocyst (cnidae)
Memiliki sel jelatang/tentakel (cnidoblast) yang
Mengandung nematokis (nematocyt)
3. Hanya ada lubang yang berfungsi sebagai mulut.
4. Hidup dalam air laut / air tawar

Ciri-Ciri Coelenterata
5. Tubuh berbentuk simetris radial, tidak berkepala, dan
dinding terdiri atas 2 lapisan (diploblastik):
1. Epidermis,
2. Gastrodermis.
6. Bentuk tubuh Coelenterata ada 2 macam:
1. Polip, berbentuk tabung
2. Medusa, berbentuk payung
7. Reproduksi:
Aseksual pembentuan tunas pada polip
Seksual pembentukan gamet pada medusa

3. FILUM COELENTERATA

Biologi :
1. berukuran besar, berbentuk simetri meruji, kosmopolitan
2. dinding tubuh luar disebut eksoderma dan endoderma di
bagian dalam
3. memiliki sel penyengat (nematocyst) diseluruh tubuh
terutama pada tentakel (pertahanan diri, mencari makan)
4. memiliki serat otot terpusat, serat saraf dan alat indera pada
Hydra sedikit - tersebar dan banyak - terpusat pada Aurelia
5. Makanan berupa nekton kecil nematocyst tentakel
mulut rongga gastrovaskular
6. Reproduksi aseksual dengan pembelahan dan tunas, seksual
dengan menghasilkan telur dan spermatozoa
7. Berkoloni dan bergabung membentuk tabung dan polip

Phylum Coelenterata (Cnidaria)

(Jellyfish, Sea Anemones, & Corals)
Exhibit Radial
Symmetry
2 Forms
Polyp
Sessile form
(vase shape)

Medusa
Swimming form
(umbrella shape)

Struktur tubuh Coelentarata (a) bentuk polip (b) nematokis

 Tentakel berfungsi
menangkap mangsa
dan
memasukkannya ke
dalam mulut.
Tentakel memiliki
Knidosit / knidoblas
Tiap knidosit
memiliki nematokis

Phylum Cnidaria
(Cont.)
2 Body Layers
Epidermis (outer layer) &
Gastrodermis (inner layer)

Mesoglea
Jelly-like substance in between inner
and outer layer

Gastrovascular Cavity (GVC)

Empty space where digestion takes
place

Anatomy
of a Jellyfish

Cnidocytes and Nematocytes

- Cnidocytes =
specialized cells
used for defense
- Nematocytes =
structures inside
the cnidocyte that
contain stinging filaments
-The filaments have sharp tips that can inject poison into
victims

 1st Nervous System

Porifera have no developed nervous
system
Cnidarians have a primitive nervous
system
No brain, but rather a loose collection of
nerves called a nerve net
Nerves radiate throughout the whole body

 Where do they live? (Habitat)

Mostly salt water
Hydra found in fresh water

How big are they? (Size)

Can be up to 6.5 feet in diameter and
have ~100 foot long tentacles

 What do they eat? How do they

eat?
Tentacles capture small animals.
Nematocysts inject poison.
Tentacles push food into mouth

How do they move?

If mobile, move by contraction
and expansion of body

 How do they reproduce?

Asexually
Budding & Regeneration
Sexually
Adult medusa releases sperm and eggs into the water
where external fertilization takes place zygote
Zygote forms the blastula (hollow ball of cells) and then
forms a planula (ciliated larva)
Polyp attaches to the ocean floor and develops mouth
and tentacles
Stacks of medusae form and then detach to form
individual jellyfish

Life Cycle of
Adult Female
Jellyfish
Medusa

Young
Medusa

Adult Male
Medusa
Sperm

Egg
Blastula
Planula

Polyp

CNIDARIA
Phylum:
Cnidaria: (formerly called Coelenterata)
Class:
Anthozoa: (corals)
Hydrozoa: (hydroids)
Scyphozoa: (jellyfish)
Sub-Classes:
Zoantharia:
Rugosa (extinct)
Tabulata (extinct)
Scleractina (reef building, still exist part of the
Zoantharia).

KLASIFIKASI COELENTERATA

Kelas Anthozoa
1. Karang :
a. Berkoloni atau soliter (suhu rendah)
b. Karang lunak koloni polip tanpa kerangka sumbu
c. Karang batu hewan yang membentuk terumbu

Kelas Hydrozoa :
a. Berkoloni, mengikuti arus air, memiliki nematocyst
b. Memiliki polip makan, polip bertahan (menyengat), polip
reproduksi (medusa)

Kelas Scyphozoa
a. Soliter, plankton, terdiri atas mesoglea dan tentakel
b. Tentakel berisi neamtocyst
c. Reproduksi membentuk medusa

Klasifikasi Coelenterata
A. Hydrozoa (hewan air)
1) bentuk tubuh selalu polip
2) Terdiri dari Hydra (hidup di air tawar, hermafrodit, sistem saraf difusi atau
sel saraf tersebar) dan Obelia geniculata (hidup di laut, bermetagenesis,
hidup berkoloni).

Class: Hydrozoa
Hydra
Polyp form found in
ponds and lakes

Portugese Man-ofWar
Found in tropical oceans
Very poisonous to fish
and even humans

Hydra Image Source: http://www.microscope-microscope.org/gallery/MarkImage

Simmons/images/hydra2.jpg
Source:

Klasifikasi Coelenterata
B. Scyphozoa (hewan
mangkuk)
1)
2)

bentuk tubuh selalu medusa

beralat kelamin terpisah.
Contoh: Aurelia (ubur-ubur)

Aurelia aurita

Cyanea capillata

Class: Scyphozoa
Over 200 species
Common
jellyfish exist as
both polyps
and medusae
Image Source:
http://www.dnr.sc.gov/marine/pub/seascience/jellyfi.html#life

Klasifikasi Coelenterata
C. Anthozoa (hewan
bunga)
1)
2)

berbentuk polip, meliputi

anemon laut dan karang
Gastrovaskular:
- berongga 6 (Metridium
marginatum, mawar laut;
Fungia patella, Acropora)
- berongga 8 (Euplexaura
antipathes, akar bahar;
Alcyonium, karang kulit)
Anthopleura xanthogrammica

Class: Anthozoa

Includes corals and sea anemones

All marine
Medusa stage completely absent
Corals
Are polyps that live in small colonies
Use nutrients from algae for energy
Great Barrier Reef
Largest coral colony on earth
Sea Anemones
Are polyps that use poisonous tentacles to feed on
small fish

Peranan Coelenterata
Hewan ubur-ubur dibuat tepung ubur-ubur yang
diolah menjadi bahan kosmetik / kecantikan.
Di Jepang, ubur-ubur dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan
makanan.
Karang atol, karang pantai, dan karang penghalang
dapat melindungi pantai dari aberasi air laut.
Karang merupakan tempat persembunyian dan
tempat perkembangbiakan ikan.

 The polyps are solitary or

colonial.
The soft parts are divided
into 6, 8 or more.
Often have a bilateral
symmetry.
Marine.

ANTHOZOAN MORPHOLOGY:
Corals are usually sack
shaped widest at the top
which contained the
MOUTH narrowing at the
base where it was
attached.
Page 101 Copy Fig. 63a.
Draw c and h on page 103
for a typical solitary coral.
The body structure is
simple with a hard calcite
outer layer and an inner
body cavity.

SOFT PARTS:
The soft parts are similar in all
the subclasses.
Page 114 Black Fig. 72a and
b (draw).
The body cavity is divided into
small segments by RADIAL
MESENTERIES (partitions)
which give it stability and
strength and provide more
efficient feeding.
Outer Layer = ECTODERM
Inner Layer = ENDODERM
The inner body cavity =
COELENTERON (ENTERON)

Mesenteries help spread the

surface area of the coelenteron
and therefore help digestion of
food.
The MOUTH is usually towards
the centre and has a number of
functions:
1. Takes in food.
2. Allows discharge of waste.
3. Discharge of larvae.
The mouth is surrounded by
retractable tentacles, which
have stinging organs on them.
Some corals show a bilateral
symmetry but more commonly
show radial symmetry with parts
of the body repeated in the
coelenteron around the mouth.

 Middle Ordovician Permian.

Occur as solitary or
compound forms.
SOLITARY RUGOSE CORALS:
Coraliteis conical in shape.
The skeleton grew upwards
from a narrow base.
The whole structure can be
straight or curved (horn
shaped).

 CALICE or the top of the

body appears like a
depression and in this
can be seen a central
region called the AXIAL
REGION.
The ends of the SEPTA
can also be seen
sometimes.
A COLUMELLA may be
present in the centre
(rod like)

Colonial/Compound Rugose
Corals
In colonial rugose
corals there are often a
large number of septa.
TABULAE: These
represent former levels
of the calice floor,
secreted by the polyp
to seal off the lower
area of the corallum.
They are best seen if
longitudinal sections
are cut.

Colonial/Compound Rugose
Corals

They are made up of varying

numbers of individuals each called
a corallite. Fig. 63 page 101 (OHP).
They are subdivided based on the
relationship between the corallites:
FASCICULATE:
The individuals are not closely
touching.
Fasciculate corals can be further
sub divided:
DENDROID:
They branch irregularly.
PHACELOID:
If the corallites are parallel to each
other.

Colonial/Compound Rugose
Corals
MASSIVE:
All the corallites are in
contact.
These are also further sub
divided:
CERIOID:
Polygonal corallites in
cross section and they
have a clear dividing wall.
ASTRAEOID:
The walls are absent.

Mode of life and

palaeoenvironment (Index Fossil)
Sessile apart from when in
larval stage.
Benthonic and fixed.
lived in warm (22 - 29C ideally
25C) tropical.
Shallow seas ideally <25 m
continental shelf.
They like clear water with little
sediment.
Well oxygenated, high energy.
Typically found in carbonate
rocks especially in the
Carboniferous.

 Appear in the middle of

the Ordovician but are not
common until the Silurian.
Throughout the rest of the
Palaeozoic their numbers
increased.
They reached their
maximum in the Lower
Carboniferous and then
gradually declined and
disappeared in the
Permian extinction.

 These are extinct

compound corals.
They have slender
corallites, which are
crossed transversely by
tabulae.
They have a calcareous
skeleton with usually small
individual corallites
although the whole colony
can be large.
Shape: either fasciculate
(no contact) or massive.

 The fasciculate forms can branch

irregularly.
In others the corallites are joined
laterally to form a chain like structure
approximately one corallite wide.
The calice is usually small being a
few mm in diameter and varying in
shape : round, oval or polygonal.
The septa are not always present but
number about 12 if they are present
and they are similar in size and
shape.
Tabulae are very numerous and occur
horizontally although some appear
domed.
Mural pores: small holes that connect
the corallite

Tabulate Corals To Know

Favosites:
Upper Ordovician - Devonian.
Draw:
Halysites:
Ordovician to Silurian.
Draw:

FAVOSITES:
Massive corallum, often a
hemisphere shape.
The whole colony is usually fairly
small, maximum being 10 cm
across, rarely larger.
Cerioid (polygonal) corallites which
are often quite long.
Each calice is small: 2 - 3 mm in
diameter.
The septa are often absent, if
present they form ridges.
Tabulae are numerous and evenly
spaced.
Most important in the Silurian.

HALYSITES:
Phaceloid corallum giving an
almost chain like appearance as
corallites can be joined together
on two or three sides to form a
branching structure.
Commonly called chained
coral.
Septa are usually absent and
the tabulae are horizontal.

 Middle Ordovician to Permian

extinction.
Most abundant in the Silurian and
Devonian, then through the Upper
Palaeozoic the numbers decreased and
died out in the Permian extinction.
Most common in carbonate rocks e.g.
limestone, rarely found in muddy
sediments.
During the Silurian and Devonian
important reef formation and during this
time they were more numerous than
rugose corals.
Silurian: Favosites and Halysites
common.
Devonian: Favosites still common.

 Solitary or compound
corals.
Some still exist.

 Draw figs 73 f and h Black

page 116.
Their originally aragonitic
skeletons have
dissepiments, tabulae, and
septa just as in the rugosa.
Although there are
superficial similarities,
scleractinian corals differ
from rugosa corals by their
skeletal mineralogy and by
their method of septal
insertion during growth.

 Scleractinian corals also have

six primary septa, but in
contrast to rugose corals,
subsequent septa are added in
all six of the resulting spaces.
An important distinction
between the two orders is that
for the Scleractinia the septa
are inserted between every two
pre-existing septa in later
growth stages.
Therefore have a repeated
radial symmetry and so
different from the Rugosa.

 Adjacent polyps can be

attached or connected
together via common soft
tissue.
They resemble sea
anemones.
The corallum of the
solitary corals is usually
conical or cylindrical.
In compound types there is
a much wider range of
sizes and shapes.
Use the same terminology
as used in rugose corals.

 Middle Triassic to Recent.

Most important in the Jurassic.
Not very important in the
Cretaceous but can be found in
the Chalk in particular solitary
forms.
In the Tertiary there are a few reefbuilding forms and more recently
in the Quaternary cup like corals
are more common.
In the present they form
important reef building animals in
the tropics and sub tropics
around ocean islands and east
coasts of large landmasses.

Coral
Reef

Coral
Polyps

Polyp Image Source:

http://www.pbs.org/kcet/shapeoflife/animals/cnidaria2.html

Sea Anemone

Image Source:
http://www.pbs.org/kcet/shapeoflife/animals/cnidaria8.html

Cnetophora (Comb
Jellies)
Cnetophora are technically
a separate phylum from
Cnidaria, but they are
closely related.
For our purposes, well
group comb jellies with
Cnidaria
Cnetophora
Found in deep ocean
Biolumienscence
Image Source:

Anatomy
of a Jellyfish

Phylum Coelenterata (Cnidaria)

Tealia felina
Small animals that come within range
of the tentacles are quickly enveloped,
and the captured prey drawn into the
sac where it is digested. While
digesting, the anemone resembles a
stewed tomato. Can you think of any
disadvantages in having a single
opening serving as both a mouth and
an anus?

Phylum Coelenterata (Cnidaria)

Tubularia sp.
Hydroids also belong to the phylum
Coelenterata, but are relatively small
and inconspicuous. Like most
coelenterates, hydroids have special
stinging cells called cnidocytes at the
tip of their tentacles. Prey brushed
against the tentacles is impaled by a
barb ejected from the cnidocyte.

Phylum Coelenterata (Cnidaria)

Solitary hydroid
Hydroids usually form delicate bushlike colonies, but solitary forms do
exist. Reproductive structures
resemble clusters of grapes.

Phylum Coelenterata (Cnidaria)

Cyanea capillata
The lions mane is the worlds largest
jellyfish. Unlike the hydroids, some
jellyfish deliver a powerful sting. With
the sac opening located in the center
and encircled by tentacles, jellyfish
can be considered upside down sea
anemones.

Phylum Coelenterata (Cnidaria)

Aurelia aurita
The moon jelly, a jellyfish, it is almost
transparent as it drifts along with the
currents. Its four circular gonads, the
reproductive structures, are the most
visible parts of the jellyfish. All
coelenterates are radially symmetrical,
that is their parts are arranged around
the center, like spokes on a wheel.

Peran Coelenterata
Ubur-ubur dimanfaatkan sebagai tepung
ubur-ubur dan bahan kosmetik
Membentuk karang pantai
Mencegah abrasi pantai
Membentuk taman laut (anemon)
Karang warna-warni dijadikan perhiasan
Akar bahar sebagai pengobat penyakit
rematik