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MCT 4333

Power Electronics

Reference Books
Required
Rashid M. H., (2004), Power Electronics: Circuits,
Devices, and Applications, 3rd Edition, PrenticeHall.
Recommended
Agrawal J. P., (2001), Power Electronics System:
Theory and Design, Prentice-Hall.
Hart D. W., (1997), Introduction to Power
Electronics, Prentice-Hall.
Mohan N., Undeland T. M., and Robbins W. P.,
(2003), Power Electronics: Converters,
Applications, and Design, John Wiley and Sons.
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Method of Evaluation

Quizzes
Home Work / Project
Midterm Examination
Final Exam
Total

15 %
20 %
25 %
40 %
100 %

Course Outline:
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Contents
Definition of power electronics,
Power semiconductor devices,
Control characteristics of power semiconductor devices,
Power losses in switches,
Types of power electronics circuits.
Applications of power electronics.

Power Electronics

Control
Analog/ Digital

Electronics
Device/Circuit

Power equipment
static/rotating

Power Electronics
Power electronics involves the study of
electronic circuits intended to control the
flow and conversion of electric power.
Thus power electronics combine power,
power
electronics and control.
control
The applications of solid-state and linear
devices for the control and conversion of
electric power.
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Power Electronics System


Consists of an input source and a load.
One or more converters for power conversion.
Power semiconductor devices, which are used
as switches to perform the power conversion.
A gating circuit to generate the gate drive signals
for the switching devices.
A feedback control circuit implemented either in
analog and/or digital electronics.
One or more static-switches acting as a circuit
breaker.
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Power Electronics System


Static Applications: No rotating or moving
mechanical components. Examples: DC Power
supply, Un-interruptible power supply, Power
generation and transmission (HVDC),
Electroplating, Welding, Heating, Cooling,
Electronic ballast.
Drive Applications: for driving moving or rotating
equipment such as motors. Examples: Electric
trains, Electric vehicles, Air-conditioning system,
Pumps, Compressor, Conveyer Belt (Factory
automation).
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Importance of PES
Increasing applications of Power Electronic Equipment in Power Systems
Availability of high power
semiconductor devices
Control Center
Decentralized renewable
energy generation sources
Central Power
Solar Power Plants
Station
CHP House
Increased power transfer
Combined Heat and Power
Wind Power Plants
with existing transmission
Plant (CHP)
Village
system
Factory
Commercial
Commercial Building
Building
Effective control of power
House
Apartment Building
Micro-Turbine
flow needed in a
Hospital
Fuel Cell
deregulated environment
Commercial
Smart House
Building
Performance
Norms for Power quality
Building
Future Power System
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Power Semiconductor Devices


Power devices are the key elements of a power
converter. The commonly used devices are:
(1) Power Diode
(2) Silicon-Controlled Rectifier (SCR) or Thyristor
(3) Gate Turn-off Thyristor (GTO)
(4) Power Bipolar Junction Transistor (Power BJT)
(5) Power Metal-Oxide Field-Effect Transistor (Power
MOSFET)
(6) Insulated-Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT)
(7) Mos-Controlled Thyristor (MCT)
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Power semiconductor operating regions


voltage
vs
frequency;

current
vs
frequency.
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Power Electronic Applications


Distributed generation (DG)
Renewable resources (wind and photovoltaic)
Fuel cells and micro-turbines
Storage: batteries, super-conducting magnetic energy storage,

Power electronics loads: Adjustable speed drives


Power quality solutions
Dual feeders
Uninterruptible power supplies
Dynamic voltage restorers

Transmission and distribution (T&D)


High voltage dc (HVDC) and medium voltage dc
Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS): Shunt and Series
compensation, and the unified power flow controller
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Function of Power Electronics in Utility


Applications
Converter
Source

Load
Controller

Enabling technology providing interface between


two (ac/dc) electrical systems
Interconnection of two asynchronous ac systems
dc to ac conversion is required to connect fuel cells or
photovoltaic to the utility grid
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Role of Power Electronics in Important Utility


Applications
Distributed Generation (DG) Applications
Power electronic interface depends on the source
characteristics
Wound rotor
Induction Generator

Isolated
DC-DC
Converter

AC
Wind
Turbine

PWM
Converter

DC
DC

Generator-side
Converter

AC
Grid-side
Converter

Wind Power Generation with


Doubly Fed Induction Motors

Max. Powerpoint Tracker

Utility
1f

Photo-voltaics Interface

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Role of Power Electronics in Important Utility


Applications
Power Electronic Loads: Adjustable Speed Drives

Switch-mode
Converter

Utility

Motor

Rectifier

Controller

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Ideal PE System
To convert electrical energy from one form
to another, i.e. from the source to load
with:

highest efficiency,
highest availability
highest reliability
lowest cost,
smallest size
least weight.
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Inductors and Capacitors in PE


Inductor: V = L di/dt
The current in an inductor cannot change
instantaneously!
Capacitor: i = C dV/dt
The voltage across a capacitor cannot change
instantaneously!
These passive components are fundamental to
the operation of all power electronics.

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Other Characteristics
Bidirectional current capability: TRIAC, RCT
Unidirectional current capability: SCR, BJT,
MOSFET, etc
See table 1.3 and Figure1.9 of the text book for
more information.
Self Study: Characteristics of Ideal switches

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The Practical Switch


1. Limited power handling capabilities, limited conduction
current in the on-state, and limited blocking voltage in the
off-state.
2. Limited switching speed caused by the finite turn-on and
turn-off times. This limits the maximum operating
frequency of the device.
3. Finite on-state and off-state resistances, that is, forward
voltage drop exists when in the on-state, and reverse
current flow (leakage) exists when in the off-state.
4. Because of characteristics 2 and 3, the practical switch
experiences power losses in the on- and off-states (known
as conduction loss), and during switching transitions
(known as switching loss).
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Losses in Power Electronics


In semiconductor components:
Switching losses
Conduction losses
In passive components (C & L):
Effective series resistance
Typical efficiencies are in the range of 9099% for each conversion stage, depending
on the exact converter topology.
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Power switch losses


Why it is important to consider losses of power switches?
to ensure that the system operates reliably under
prescribed ambient conditions,
so that heat removal mechanism (e.g. heat sink, radiators,
coolant) can be specified. Losses in switches affects the
system efficiency
Heat sinks and other heat removal systems are costly and
bulky. Can be substantial cost of the total system.
If a power switch is not cooled to its specified junction
temperature, the full power capability of the switch cannot
be realized.
Main losses:
forward conduction losses,
blocking state losses
switching losses
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Switching Power Losses

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Conclusions
Power electronic System and its scope,
applications and importance
Control Characteristics of PE devices.
Losses in solid state switches
Types of Power Electronic Circuits.
Properties of Capacitor and Inductor in PE
circuits.

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