Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Training Program
1. LTE Concepts
2. LTE Planning Overview
3. Modelling an LTE Network
4. LTE Predictions
5. MIMO Modelling
6. Neighbour Allocation
7. Automatic Resource Planning
8. Frequency Plan Analysis
9. Monte-Carlo Based Simulations
10. Using Drive Tests
11. Terminology and Concepts
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1. LTE Concepts
Context and background
OFDM/OFDMA basics
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What is 4G?
Why LTE?
LTE deployment
Evolution of LTE
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What is LTE?
LTE = Long Term Evolution
3GPP1s project name for Evolved UTRA2 (e-UTRA)
Next generation of 3GPP-based mobile networks
(GSM/GPRS/EDGE, UMTS/HSPA, and TD-SCDMA)
One of the 3 standards on which 4G cellular networks will be based
1
2
3
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LTE
from 3GPP
WiMAX
UMB3
from 3GPP2
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What is 4G?
Provides improvements over existing 2G and 3G networks
High data rates at high mobile speeds:
~100Mbps in DL, 50Mbps in UL with MIMO
Inter-working and support for mobility:
Handovers to 3G and 2G layers and roaming
Service and content convergence:
VoIP, download, streaming, TV, VOD, etc.
All IP backbone
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What is 4G?
Evolution of Mobile Technologies
WiMAX 802.16e-2005
OFDM
All-IP
WiMAX 802.16m
MIMO
AAS
OFDM All-IP
MIMO
AAS
EV-DO Rev.C
OFDM
All-IP
MIMO
AAS
3G LTE
HSPA+
HSDPA / HSUPA
IP Transport
MIMO
All-IP
OFDM
All-IP
MIMO
AAS
EDGE Evolution
2006
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2007
2008
2009
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What is 4G?
Evolution of 3GPP Standards
Release 99:
Release 4:
Release 5:
Release 6:
Release 7:
Release 8:
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UMTS FDD
UMTS TDD + FDD Repeaters
HSDPA
HSUPA (Enhanced Uplink) + MBMS
HSPA+ (2x2 MIMO, Higher Order Modulation, etc.)
LTE FDD and TDD
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Why LTE?
Huge potential market share
GSM
(80.4 % market share)
Around 670 operators in ~200 countries
More than 3 billion subscribers worldwide
UMTS HSPA (7.8 % market share)
Around 105 operators in ~47 countries
Nearly 300 million subscribers worldwide
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Why LTE?
Improvements over 3G (UMTS HSPA)
Data Rates
DL: 14.4 Mbps &
UL: 5.7 Mbps
Up to 100 Mbps DL
and 50 Mbps UL
Cyclic Prefix
Highly sensitive to
Inter-symbol Interference
LTE vs. 3G
Min 5 MHz
Spectrum
Orthogonal
Subcarriers
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Highly sensitive to
Frequency Selective
Fading
Confidential Do not share without prior permission
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LTE Deployment
1st phase:
A few trial sites in urban areas where provision of high data rate services has market
potential
Site locations probably the same as existing 3G sites
Spectrum sharing with existing 3G cell (1 carrier dedicated to the trial LTE layer)
2nd phase:
Replacement of 3G sites with on-air LTE sites, or
Co-existence of 3G and LTE coverage layers
High Speed
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Handovers
Confidential Do not share without prior permission
High Throughput
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LTE Deployment
Migration from any 3GPP technology to LTE
Rational choice for GSM and GSM/UMTS operators
Some CDMA operators might also opt for LTE instead of UMB
Very few GSM operators would opt for WiMAX
Rarely any green-field scenarios
GSM
GPRS
EDGE
UMTS
HSPA
LTE
Non-3GPP
Technologies
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Evolution of LTE
Future: IMT-Advanced
Most 4G networks will move to
LTE Advanced
WiMAX 802.16m
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OFDM/OFDMA Basics
OFDM definition and differences between FDM and OFDM
Advanced OFDM : OFDMA
Multiple access techniques and duplexing methods
Benefits of OFDM/OFDMA
OFDM/OFDMA in LTE
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What is OFDM ?
OFDM = Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
Also known as Discrete MultiTone (DMT) or Multi-Carrier Modulation (MCM)
Advanced form of Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
OFDM : hundreds to thousands of separate radio signals (subcarriers) spread across a wideband
channel. In OFDM, the sub-carrier frequencies are chosen so that the subcarriers are orthogonal to
each other
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Subcarriers
Frequency
Symbols
1 OFDM symbol
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Subchannels
OFDMA
Subchannels
Each user can be assigned only a part of the entire channel at a time
Ability to subdivide the subcarrier population : more than one user served at a time
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Benefits of OFDM/OFDMA
Negligible inter-carrier-interference (ICI)
Thanks to orthogonal subcarriers which can be transmitted by the use of Fast Fourier Transform
(equipment evolution)
Use of less robust modulation
Increased data rate
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Uses SC-FDMA in UL (an OFDM variant not much different from SOFDMA)
SC-FDMA: Single-Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access
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1g
2g
4g
3g
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Scalable OFDMA
Channel bandwidth is scalable, i.e., can be adapted as needed
1.4
3
5
10
15
20
Bandwidth (MHz)
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Spectrum
Allocation
Sampling
Frequency
FFT Size
Number
of RBs
Number of
Used Subcarriers
1.4 MHz
1.92 MHz
(1/2 x 3.84)
128
72 (73)
3 MHz
3.84 MHz
(1 x 3.84)
256
15
180 (181)
7.68 MHz
(2 x 3.84)
512
25
300 (301)
15.36 MHz
(4 x 3.84)
1024
50
600 (601)
15 MHz
23.04 MHz
(6 x 3.84)
1536
75
900 (901)
20 MHz
30.72 MHz
(8 x 3.84)
2048
100
1200 (1201)
5 MHz
10 MHz
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Subcarrier
Spacing
15 kHz
(7.5 kHz
for MBMS)
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LTE Frame
1 ms
SF 0
SF 1
..
SF 9
0.5 ms
Slot 0 Slot 1 Slot 2 Slot 3
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..
Slot
18
Slot
19
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Physical Channels
HARQ feedback
CQI reporting
UL scheduling request
CQI reporting for MIMO
related feedback
Slot/Frame
synchronization &
Cell Id
identification
Traffic, MBMS
Control information
Paging
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Random
access
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D
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Physic
Traffic
eNode-B
HARQ feedback
Transport format
UL scheduling grant
Resource allocation
Confidential Do not share without prior permission
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DL TCH
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UL TCH
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Legend:
Downlink Reference Signals
PBCH
P-SCH
S-SCH
PDCCH / PHICH / PCFICH
DL-SCH
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0 1 2 3 4 5 6
OFDM
Symbol 1
OFDM
Symbol 2
OFDM
Symbol 3
OFDM
Symbol 4
SF 1
OFDM
Symbol 6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Legend:
Downlink Reference signals
PBCH
P-SCH
S-SCH
PDCCH / PHICH / PCFICH
DL-SCH
SF 0
OFDM
Symbol 5
SF 2
SF 3
SF 4
SF 5
SF 6
SF 7
SF 8
SF 9
1 frame = 10
subframes (10 ms)
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0 1 2 3 4 5 6
OFDM
Symbol 1
OFDM
Symbol 2
OFDM
Symbol 3
OFDM
Symbol 4
SF 1
OFDM
Symbol 6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Legend:
Uplink Demodulation Reference Signal
Uplink Sounding Reference Signal
PUCCH
Demodulation Reference Signal for
PUCCH
SF 0
OFDM
Symbol 5
SF 2
SF 3
SF 4
SF 5
SF 6
SF 7
SF 8
SF 9
1 frame = 10
subframes (10 ms)
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Cell Search/Synchronisation
UE SCH detection
over a
1.4/3/5/10/15/20 MHz
spectrum
Detect spectrum
centre and 1.25 MHz
spectrum
SCH and
BCH band
1.4/3/5/10/15/20 MHz spectrum
72 subcarriers
Data transmission on
assigned spectrum
provided by System
Information
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BCH information
reception
Sub-carriers for data
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Frequency Planning
Usual 1x3x1 and 1x3x3 allocations
F1
F1
F1
F1
F1
F3
F3
F2
Frequency
F2
Seg1
Seg1
F1
Seg 3
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Seg 2
F1
Seg 3
F1
F1
Seg 2
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Handovers in LTE
Hard handover
Fast BS Selection
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Numbers of transmission and reception antenna ports at the transmitter and user equipment
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Training Program
1. LTE Concepts
2. LTE Planning Overview
3. Modelling an LTE Network
4. LTE Predictions
5. MIMO Modelling
6. Neighbour Allocation
7. Automatic Resource Planning
8. Frequency Plan Analysis
9. Monte-Carlo Based Simulations
10. Using Drive Tests
11. Terminology and Concepts
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Downlink and uplink reference signals, P-SCH, S-SCH, PBCH, PDCCH, PUCCH, etc.
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And/or
Subscriber lists
User-defined
values
Cell load
conditions
Signal quality and
throughput predictions
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Frequency plan
analysis
Prediction study
reports
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Training Program
1. LTE Concepts
2. LTE Planning Overview
3. Modelling an LTE Network
4. LTE Predictions
5. MIMO Modelling
6. Neighbour Allocation
7. Automatic Resource Planning
8. Frequency Plan Analysis
9. Monte-Carlo Based Simulations
10. Using Drive Tests
11. Terminology and Concepts
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Frequency Bands
Frequency bands
Atoll can model multi-band networks within the same document
TDD (Time Division Duplexing) or FDD (Frequency Division Duplexing)
One frequency band assigned to each cell
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Average number of
resource blocks for Physical
Uplink Control Channel (top
and bottom of frame
transmitted every 2 slots)
Other control channel overheads defined by 3GPP (calculated based on 3GPP specs)
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Transmitter Parameters
Cells: (Tx-carrier) pairs
Specifications of carriers in a
transmitter
Equipment
specifications
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Cell Parameters
Cell activity
Cell order used for carrier
selection
Cells frequency band
Frame configuration
(TDD only)
Maximum simultaneous
users supported by the cell*
Threshold to switch
from SM to Tx/Rx Div or
for using MU-MIMO
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Training Program
1. LTE Concepts
2. LTE Planning Overview
3. Modelling an LTE Network
4. LTE Predictions
5. MIMO Modelling
6. Neighbour Allocation
7. Automatic Resource Planning
8. Frequency Plan Analysis
9. Monte-Carlo Based Simulations
10. Using Drive Tests
11. Terminology and Concepts
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4. LTE Predictions
Introduction
Prediction settings
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Introduction
Coverage predictions
General studies based on downlink reference signal levels
Point predictions
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Introduction
Principles of the studies based on traffic
Study calculated for
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Load Conditions
Load conditions are defined in the cells table
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Service Properties
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Mobility Properties
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Terminal Properties
Support of
MIMO
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Prediction Settings
Coverage prediction plots
Do not require Monte-Carlo simulations or subscriber lists
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Selection of a mobility, a service, a terminal (possibly directional antenna oriented towards the serving
cell)
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Prediction Settings
Coverage prediction plots
Traffic channel CINR based coverage predictions
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Selection of a mobility, a service, a terminal (possibly directional antenna oriented towards the serving
cell)
Reference signal, SCH/PBCH, PDSCH, and PUSCH CINR and interference plots
Throughput and cell capacity per pixel plots based on PDSCH and PUSCH CINR levels
Peak RLC, effective RLC, and application throughputs
Peak RLC, effective RLC, and application cell capacities
Peak RLC, effective RLC, and application aggregate cell throughputs
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Interference Estimation
Atoll calculates PDSCH and PUSCH CINR according to:
The victim traffic (PUSCH or PDSCH) power
The interfering signals impacted by:
The interference reduction due to the co and adjacent channel overlap between the studied
and the interfering base stations
The interference reduction factor due to interfering base stations traffic load
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Bearer Selection
When PDSCH and PUSCH CINR are evaluated, the bearer is selected according to:
The LTE reception equipment defined at reception (cell for UL, terminal for DL)
The CINR threshold to access each bearer
Scheduler parameters of the serving cell
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Bearer Selection
Scheduler settings for bearer determination
Bearer selection criterion:
Bearer index: selection of the highest bearer index
Peak RLC throughput: selection of the highest peak RLC
throughput
Effective RLC throughput: selection of the highest
effective RLC throughput
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Throughput Estimation
When the bearer is selected, the channel throughput is calculated according to:
The channel bandwidth and the sampling frequency
The frame definition considering hard coded parameters and user-defined ones (global
parameters tab or the Transmitter folder property box).
The cyclic prefix ratio
The bearer efficiency defined in the selected bearer
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Number of servers
(Based on reference signal power)
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Reference
signal levels
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Received reference
signals (best server on
the top)
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SCH/PBCH,
reference signals,
PDSCH and
PUSCH
availability (or not)
Analysis detail on
reference signals,
PDSCH and
PUSCH
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Training Program
1. LTE Concepts
2. LTE Planning Overview
3. Modelling an LTE Network
4. LTE Predictions
5. MIMO Modelling
6. Neighbour Allocation
7. Automatic Resource Planning
8. Frequency Plan Analysis
9. Monte-Carlo Based Simulations
10. Using Drive Tests
11. Terminology and Concepts
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5. MIMO Modelling
Overview
Predictions examples
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Numbers of transmission and reception antenna ports at base station and terminal
Antenna diversity modes in Atoll LTE
Multiple Input Multiple Outputs (MIMO) systems
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Transmit/Receive Diversity (also called Space-Time Coding (STC) or Matrix A MIMO in other standards)
More than one transmission antenna to send the same data
Improvement of CINR Higher bearer Higher throughput
Usually used in coverage areas with bad CINR conditions
Single-User MIMO (SU-MIMO) or Spatial Multiplexing (SM) (also called Matrix B MIMO in other standards)
More than one transmission antenna to send different data streams on each antenna
Improvement of throughput for a given CINR
Usually used in coverage areas with good CINR conditions
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Support of
MIMO
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SU-MIMO Settings
Maximum possible gain in channel capacity
MIMO throughput = SISO throughput (1 + SU-MIMO gain factor (max MIMO gain 1))
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MIMO settings are defined in the LTE equipment selected at the cell for UL (or terminal for DL )
level
The support of any MIMO mode (Tx/Rx diversity, SM, AMS, SU-MIMO) is defined for to the serving cell
The calculated reference signal C/N exceeds the reference signal C/N threshold
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Coverage by DL CINR
(MIMO with 2*2 antenna)
Coverage by DL CINR
(Without MIMO)
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Training Program
1. LTE Concepts
2. LTE Planning Overview
3. Modelling an LTE Network
4. LTE Predictions
5. MIMO Modelling
6. Neighbour Allocation
7. Automatic Resource Planning
8. Frequency Plan Analysis
9. Monte-Carlo Based Simulations
10. Using Drive Tests
11. Terminology and Concepts
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6. Neighbour Allocation
Importing existing neighbour relationships
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Prerequisites
A text file with at least 2 columns
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Allocation parameters
Maximum number of neighbours
Global value for all the transmitters or value specified for each transmitter
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Calculation options
Overlapping criterion
Start allocation
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Cell B
Best server
area
Cell A
Best server
area
Reference signal
threshold (from
reference signal
quality threshold)
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Handover end
Handover start
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Allocation results
Commit selected
neighbours only
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Neighbour list of
site5_2(0)
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Training Program
1. LTE Concepts
2. LTE Planning Overview
3. Modelling an LTE Network
4. LTE Predictions
5. MIMO Modelling
6. Neighbour Allocation
7. Automatic Resource Planning
8. Frequency Plan Analysis
9. Monte-Carlo Based Simulations
10. Using Drive Tests
11. Terminology and Concepts
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Neighbours (optional)
Distance between cells < min reuse distance (optional)
Frequency plan
Relations between cells can have different importance in the final cost
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The importance of neighbour relation is calculated during the automatic neighbour allocation
The importance of the relation based on the distance between cells (weighted by the antenna
azimuths)
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Neighbour plan
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S-SCH ID allocation
strategy
Allocated
Physical Cell
Ids, P-SCH
IDs and SSCH IDs
Commit Physical
Cell Ids to cells
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The algorithm starts with the current frequency plan as the initial state
Frequencies can be locked for cells
The AFP can work with more than one frequency band in the same document
Channels can be excluded
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Distance relation
Neighbours
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Interference matrices
calculation (to run
before frequency
allocation)
Allocation
constraints
Allocated
channels
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Commit channels
to cellsSlide 103 of 149
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Interfered surface area within the best server coverage area of the studied cell
Best server coverage area of the studied cell
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Reference Signal
(dB) >=30
Reference Signal
(dB) >=25
Reference Signal
(dB) >=20
Reference Signal
(dB) >=15
Reference Signal
(dB) >=10
Reference Signal
(dB) >=5
Reference Signal
5.8348
17.413
2
40.244
77.711
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Reference Signal
(dB) >=30
Reference Signal
(dB) >=25
Reference Signal
(dB) >=20
Reference Signal
(dB) >=15
Reference Signal
(dB) >=10
Reference Signal
(dB) >=5
Reference Signal
99.5252
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132.968
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Reference Signal
(dB) >=30
Reference Signal
(dB) >=25
Reference Signal
(dB) >=20
Reference Signal
(dB) >=15
Reference Signal
(dB) >=10
Reference Signal
(dB) >=5
Reference Signal
81.5268
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119.199
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Reference Signal
(dB) >=30
Reference Signal
(dB) >=25
Reference Signal
(dB) >=20
Reference Signal
(dB) >=15
Reference Signal
(dB) >=10
Reference Signal
(dB) >=5
Reference Signal
87.18
120.955
2
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147.519
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Reference Signal
(dB) >=30
Reference Signal
(dB) >=25
Reference Signal
(dB) >=20
Reference Signal
(dB) >=15
Reference Signal
(dB) >=10
Reference Signal
(dB) >=5
Reference Signal
80.042
114.303
6
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142.576
Training Program
1. LTE Concepts
2. LTE Planning Overview
3. Modelling an LTE Network
4. LTE Predictions
5. MIMO Modelling
6. Neighbour Allocation
7. Automatic Resource Planning
8. Frequency Plan Analysis
9. Monte-Carlo Based Simulations
10. Using Drive Tests
11. Terminology and Concepts
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Resource type
Resource value
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Dynamic
pointer
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Training Program
1. LTE Concepts
2. LTE Planning Overview
3. Modelling an LTE Network
4. LTE Predictions
5. MIMO Modelling
6. Neighbour Allocation
7. Automatic Resource Planning
8. Frequency Plan Analysis
9. Monte-Carlo Based Simulations
10. Using Drive Tests
11. Terminology and Concepts
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Simulation Process
Whats a simulation in Atoll?
Distribution of users at a given moment (= snapshot)
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Simulation Process
Requirement: subscriber list and/or traffic map(s)
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According to the clutter weighting and indoor ratio (user location is the same as subscriber location if
the simulation is based on a subscriber list)
Simulation Creation
Number of simulations
to run for the current
session
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Scheduling in Simulations
Scheduling and radio resource management
Filtering of mobiles up to cell capacity limits (max UL and DL loads)
Different schedulers available:
Max C/I
Proportional Demand
Proportional Fair
First pass
Resource allocation for the minimum throughput demands depending on the service priorities of the
users (priority field in services)
Second pass
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Distribution of the remaining resources between users according to the schedulers defined in each cell
in order to reach the max throughput demand
Per mobile
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Analysis of Simulations
Calculation of LTE prediction studies based on simulations
Analysis of a single simulation
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Training Program
1. LTE Concepts
2. LTE Planning Overview
3. Modelling an LTE Network
4. LTE Predictions
5. MIMO Modelling
6. Neighbour Allocation
7. Automatic Resource Planning
8. Frequency Plan Analysis
9. Monte-Carlo Based Simulations
10. Using Drive Tests
11. Terminology and Concepts
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Import
Supported files
Any ASCII text file (with tab, semi-colon or blank character as separator)
TEMS FICS-planet export (*.Pln)
TEMS text export (*.Fmt)
Procedure
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Filter
per
type(s)
of
clutter
Advanced filter
on additional
survey data
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Permanent
deletion of outof-filter points
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List of defined
studies in the
measurement
table
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Transmitters
measured and
indexed for the
current point.
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Synchronisation
table map
measurement
window
Option of displaying
variation of any
selected numeric field
along the selected
path
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Training Program
1. LTE Concepts
2. LTE Planning Overview
3. Modelling an LTE Network
4. LTE Predictions
5. MIMO Modelling
6. Neighbour Allocation
7. Automatic Resource Planning
8. Frequency Plan Analysis
9. Monte-Carlo Based Simulations
10. Using Drive Tests
11. Terminology and Concepts
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Frame
An LTE frame is 10 ms long. The duration of a frame is a system-level constant. Each frame
comprises 10 1 ms-long subframes, with each subframe containing 2 0.5 ms-long slots.
Each slot can have 7 or 6 symbol durations for normal or extended cyclic prefix, respectively,
and for a 15 kHz subcarrier width. A slot can have 3 symbol durations for extended cyclic
prefix used with a 7.5 kHz subcarrier width. LTE includes specific frame structures for FDD
and TDD systems. For TDD systems, two switching point periodicities can be used; halfframe or full frame. Half-frame periodicity provides the same half-frame structure as a TDSCDMA subframe. The PBCH and the two SCH are carried by subframes 0 and 5, which
means that these 2 subframes are always used in downlink. A subframe is synonymous with
TTI (transmission time interval), i.e., the minimum unit of resource allocation in the time
domain.
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Symbol Duration
In Atoll a symbol duration refers to one OFDM symbol, which is the duration of one
modulation symbol over all the subcarriers/frequency blocks being used.
Subcarrier
An OFDM channel comprises many narrowband carriers called subcarriers. OFDM
subcarriers are orthogonal frequency-domain waveforms generated using Fast Fourier
Transforms.
Frequency Block
It is the minimum unit of resource allocation in the frequency domain, i.e., the width of a
resource block, 180 kHz. It is a system-level constant. A frequency block can either contain
12 subcarriers of 15 kHz each or 24 subcarriers of 7.5 kHz each.
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LTE logical, transport, and physical layer channels (DL: blue, UL: orange, DL or UL: green)
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Subscriber
Users with fixed geographical coordinates.
Mobile
Users generated and distributed during simulations. These users have, among other
parameters, defined services, terminal types, and mobility types assigned for the duration of
the simulations.
Receiver
A probe mobile, with the minimum required parameters needed for the calculation of path
loss, used for propagation loss and raster coverage predictions.
Bearer
A Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS) used to carry data over the channel.
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Application Throughput
The application layer throughput (user or channel) that can be achieved at a given location
using the highest LTE bearer available computed taking into account the reduction of
throughput due to PDU/SDU header information, padding, encryption, coding, and other
types of overhead.
Channel Throughputs
Peak RLC, effective RLC or application throughputs achieved at a given location using the
highest LTE bearer available with the entire cell resources (downlink or uplink).
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Traffic Loads
The uplink and downlink traffic loads are the percentages of the uplink and the downlink
frames in use (allocated) to the traffic (mobiles) in the uplink and in the downlink,
respectively.
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THANK YOU!
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