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8.1 Introduction
The laminar & turbulent flows in channels
The developing & fully developed regions
The heat transfer rate under two boundary conditions:
- Constant heat flux
- Constant surface temperature
Method to select a cooling fan
Recr
uDh uDh
2,300
2
D
4A
4ab
4A
4
Dh
,,,,, circular.channel Dh
D
P 2(a b)
P
D
4
x 0.05 Re Pr Dh
x 0.05 Re Dh
- For turbulent flow the developing length for both thermal and velocity
boundary layers is
x 10 Dh
h
x*
x
3
Nu Dh
hDh
x*
q&
Tsx Tmx
h
Nu Dh
hDh
k
Nu Dh
) Pr
The average bulk mean temperature is used to get the properties of the
coolant.
Tave
0.023(
Tmi Tmo
Tmi
Tmo
Tsi
T so
dA
Tmx+ dTmx
Tmx
Ts
Tso
Tm
x+dx
Tmo
Tmi
x
& mc
& p [(Tmx dTmx ) Tm x ] mc
& p dTm x
qdA
& dx mc
& p dTmx mc
&p
qp
0
Tmx
Tmi
dTmx
& mc
& p (Tmx Tmi )
qpx
Tmx Tmi
&
qp
x
&p
mc
7
&
q&
qp
q&
Tsx Tmi
x
&p
h
mc
h
The rate of heat transfer is equal to the rate of heat absorbed by the
coolant
& (T T )
Q& mc
p
mo
mi
or
Q& hA(Tsx Tmx ) hA(Tso Tmo )
Q&
q&
Tso Tmo
Tmo
hA
h
Ts
Tso
Tm
Tmo
Tmi
x
8
The energy balance on a elemental control volume (Ts is larger than Tm)
dQ& h(T T )dA
s
Tmx
mx
dA
Tmx+dTmx
d (Ts Tmx )
hp
dTmx d (Ts Tmx )........
dx
& p
Ts Tmx
mC
Integrating from the entrance (x = 0), where the inlet fluid mean
temperature is Tmi, to any point x along the duct, where the mean fluid
temperature is equal to Tmx
hp
x
Ts Tmx
hp
&p
mc
ln
hp
x
mc p
hPL
&p
mc
hPL
Ts Tmo
&
mc
,
e p
Ts Tmi
Ts Tmo
hpL
hpL
&p
ln
mc
T T
&p
Ts Tmi
mc
ln s mo
Ts Tmi
Ts
Tmo
T
Tmi
hAs Tln
Ts Tmo
Ts Tmo
ln
ln
Ts Tmi
Ts Tmi
Tln
Tmo Tmi
Ts Tmi
ln
Ts Tmo
10
11
12cm
18cm
1.294
x
0.72
x
10
0.86
x
10
kg / s
i
& (T T )
Q& mc
p
mo
mi
Q&
40
o
Tmo Tmi
20
66
C
3
&p
mc
0.86 x10 x1007
12
Tmo Tmi 20 66
43o C
2
2
2, 1.12kg / m3 , c p 1007 J / kgK , k 0.0267W / mK , v 1.72 x10 5 m 2 / s, Pr 0.725
1, Tave
4 Ac
4 x3.6 x103
3, Re Ac 0.12 x0.003 3.6 x10 m , Dh
0.00585m
P
2(0.12 0.003)
m&
0.86 x103
u
2m / s
Tso
3
Ac 1.12 x3.6 x10
T
Tmo
uDh
Re
730 pp 2300
Tmi
x
0.12
4, Nu aspect.ratio
40 Nu 8.24
0.003
k
0.0267
5, h Nu
8.24
36W / m 2 K
Dh
0.00585
3
6, Tso Ts max
....Q& hAs (Tsx Tmx ) hAs (Ts max Tmo )
Q&
40
....Ts max Tmo
66
92o C
hAs
36 x 2(0.12 x0.18)
13
2m / s
Ac 0.003 x0.12
Dh 0.00585m
uD
Re h 727
20cm
12cm
14
a
k
0.02514
40 Nu 7.54 h Nu
7.54
32.4W / m 2 K
b
Dh
0.00585
hAs
&p
mc
60 (60 20)e
32.4 x 0.0432
0.0008244 x1007
53o C
T T
20 53
Q& hAs Tln mi mo 32.4 x 0.0432
T T
7
ln
ln s mo
40
Ts Tmi
32.4 x 0, 0432 x19.4 =26.5W
&
or
&c (T T ) =0.0008244x1007x(5320) =27.4W
Q&=m
p
mo
mi&
15
Characteristic curves
- The static pressure developed by a given fan depends on its rpm and the
flow rate of the fluid which it propels. The fan curve is usually provided by
the manufacturers.
- The system curve is the total pressure loss verses flow rate or velocity of
a given flow system
- The intersection of the two curves is the operation point of the fan
4
rpm
P1
p2
m3/s
P1
p2
P1
p2
16
Installation considerations
p2
p3
18
h
x*
x*
The actual average heat transfer coefficient is larger than the following
developed value. For a given inlet coolant temperature, the surface
temperature is smaller. Then the device temperature mounted on the surface is
Smaller than that calculated by following developed h value.
19
20
The energy balance on a elemental control volume (Ts is larger than Tm)
Tm
dQ&
Tm+dTm
&x dT
mc
p
mx
d(Ts Tmx )
hp
dx
& p
Ts Tmx
mC
Integrating from the entrance (x = 0), where the inlet fluid mean
temperature is Tmi, to any point x along the duct, where the mean fluid
temperature is equal to Tmx
hp
x
Ts Tmx
hp
&p
mc
ln
hp
x
mc p
21
mo
mi
or
& p (Tmo Tmi )
q& const Q& hAs (Ts Tm ) mc
& p (Tmo Tmi )
Ts const Q& hAs Tln mc
Compare the assumed temperature and the calculated one. If the different
is large, re-assume a temperature and repeat the process.
22
Pt pi
k
0.5
1.0
L
Dh
23
&
m
um
A
E&
&
& pTm Tm
E c pTdm& c pT udA mc
&p
mc
A
A
24
L 0.18m, Re 730, AR
40 f
96
0.3
Re
uDh
u 2
L u 2
u 2
L u 2
pt (0.5 1)
f
(0.5 1)
96
2
Dh 2
2
uDh Dh 2
pt 0.0485u 0.888u 2
u (m/s) pt
0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
0
0.246
0.94
2.07
3.65
4
pt
2
25
pt
pt
rpm
4
pt
For u = 2m/s, the rpm of the fan is selected
1 u
m/s
2
26