RURAL PLANNING:

Introduction
Djoko Santoso Abi Suroso,
Ph.D
Research Group in Regional and Rural
Planning
SAPPK-ITB

CURRICULUM
Changes in Curriculum Sarjana:
Tata Desa (80s)
Perencanaan Pertanian (80s)
Kuliah Kerja Nyata (80s)
Perencanaan Pertanian dan Perdesaan + KKN
Profesi (90s)
Perencanaan Perdesaan (90-now)
Curriculum 2008: from PL 4 to PL 3
Magister:
Pembangunan Perdesaan (80s-now)

Minggu ke

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Topik Bahasan

Garis besar struktur kuliah, tugas.Tujuan dn lingkup Cara

penilaian Reference
Memahami Pendekatan Perencanaan Pedesaan
Pengenalan teori Keterbelakangan dan Ketergantungan

Tujuan

Memahami tujuan, lingkup dan sasaran kuliah.

Menyiapkan Bahan bacaan wajib dan tugas2
Pengenalan dasar teori, dan pendekatan perencanaan
pembangunan di Pedesaan
Memahami aspek-aspek kemiskinan dan permasalahannya

Masalah2 involusi pertanian dalam kehidupan Pedesaan

Memahami aspek-aspek pertanian dan perkembangan desa

dan pedesaan
Peranan Pertanian pangan dan produk lainnya dalam
Memahami peranan penting desa dalam mendukung
Pembangunan Nasional
pertumbuhan Ekonomi
Paradigma Dualistik Ekonomi Pedesaan
Memahami Dinamika Keterbelakangan dan Ketergantungan
Ekonomi Desa
Ekonomi Rumah Tangga Petani dan industrialisasi
Memahami dasar-dasar Ekonomi Rumah Tangga Petani, Inpedesaan
Out Farm, Nelayan dan industry pedesaan
Konsep-konsep Dasar Rumah Tradisional Permukiman
Memahami Kearifan Lokal dalam membangun rumah
Pedesaan
tradisional dan typology Desa
Ujian Tengah SEMESTER
Aspek Sumberdaya Alam Lingkungan Pedesaan
Memahami pengetahuan dasar tentang pembentukan tanah,
klasifikasi tanah untuk pertanian dan penggunaan tanah
lainnya.
Konservasi Sumberdaya Lahan
Memahami pengetahuan tentang cara-cara konservasi dan
pencegahan bencana longsor
Infrastruktur Pedesaan dan Infrastruktur Wilayah
Memahami infrastruktur sosial-ekonomi Pedesaan (jalan,
irigasi, listrik, pasar, sekolah dll)
Mitigasi Bencana Kawasan Pedesaan
Memahami faktor2 penyebab bencana alam pedesaan
Konsep dan Model Perencanaan Desa /Village Plan

Membahas kasus Perencanaan Desa pasca Tsunami

Design and Modeling Pusat Pertumbuhan Desa

Membahas Model PU dlm menetapkan Pusat Pertumbuhan

Desa
Membahas Prosedur Perencanaan Pembangunan Desa

P5D, Pola Desa dan FGD dalam MusrenbangDes

Assessment
UTS =
UAS=
Tugas 1 =
Tugas 2 =
Tugas 3 =
Aktivitas
Kelas=

25%
40%
10%
10%
10%
5%

Perencanaan Perdesaan
Memberikan

dalam

pemahaman

perencanaan

tentang

berbagai

pembangunan

pendekatan

Pedesaan

dengan

memberikan kerangka teori dasar Pembangunan Desa dan

Wilayah.
Masalah-masalah

dasar

sumberdaya

alam

pedesaan,

sumberdaya manusia dan pergeseran-pergeseran socialbudaya-ekonomi di Pedesaan dengan berbagai tipologi Desa,
secara

intensif

perlu

didiskusikan

untuk

memahami

persoalan-persoalan dasar pedesaan sebelum merumuskan

pendekatan perencanaan pedesaan itu sendiri.
Dengan

demikian diharapkan mhs mampu merumuskan

pendekatan perencanaan pembangunan Desa

AIMS
Memahami Aspek-aspek penting untuk Typologi Pedesaan
Memahami Teori-teori Sosial, Ekonomi dan Administrasi

Desa
Pendekatan Komprehensif dalam Perencanaan Desa
An introduction to:
Rural development perspectives
Rural problems
Rural changes
Planning for rural areas

Approach:
Integrated, holistic, regional approach rural is part of

regional systems

References/Bibliography
1. Chambers, R., 1988 :Pembangunan Desa Mulai Dari

Belakang (terj). LP3ES, Jakarta

2. Geertz, C., 1983: Involusi Pertanian :Proses Perubahan
Ecologi di Indonesia (terj. Bhatara Karya Aksara, Jakarta.
3. Hansen, D.E.: Agriculture and Rural Development in
Indonesia. Westview, Boulder
4..Hayami, Y dan M Kikuck, 1987: Dilemna Ekonomi Desa.
Yayasan Obor Indonesia, Jakarta.
5. ESCAP.1978, Guideline for Rural Center Planning. Bangkok.
6. Herington, J., Planning Process: An Introduction for
Geographer, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1989
7. Johnston, RJ., City and Society: An Outline for Urban
Geography, Unwin Hyman, Boston, 1989.
8. Lipton, 1974, Why the Poor People stay Poor, John
Willey, London

DEFINITION
Rural = non-urban area (residual approach)
UU 26/2007:

Kawasan Perdesaan: wilayah yang mempunyai

kegiatan utama pertanian, termasuk pengelolaan
sumber daya alam dengan susunan fungsi kawasan
sebagai tempat permukiman perdesaan, pelayanan
jasa pemerintahan, pelayanan sosial, dan kegiatan
ekonomi.
Kawasan perkotaan: wilayah yang mempunyai
kegiatan utama bukan pertanian, dengan susunan
fungsi kawasan sebagai tempat permukiman
perkotaan, pemusatan dan distribusi pelayanan jasa
pemerintahan, pelayanan sosial, dan kegiatan ekonomi

continued
Urban is defined based on:
Population
Economic structure
Urban facilities

Rural is not similar with villages (desa) or

hamlets (dusun) lower order settlement

units

RURAL CHARACTERISTICS
Rural in Less Developed Countries (LDCs) is

not similar with rural in Developed Countries

Characteristics:
Physical attributes
Social aspects
Economic aspects

WHY BOTHER
Rural an important spatial element,

despite urbanization
Rural problems national concerns:
Poverty and backwardness
Rural-urban inequalities
Internal rural inequalities
Functions of rural areas:
Community
Agricultural production
Recreation
Ecological functions

STRUCTURAL CHANGES
Output
Industry &
Services

Agricultur
e

Incomes

RURAL PLANNING
Planning for development
Development:
Acceleration of changes
Expansion of productive capacity
Improvement of rural situations
Coping with macro changes
Realization of social/community capacity
participation
Rural development = modernization?
Rural development = rural transformation?
Rural development = accelerated

urbanization?

Rural Development (World Bank,

1975)
Strategy designed to improve the economic

and social life ofthe rural poorSince

rural development is intended to reduce
poverty, it must be clearly designed to
increase production and raise
productivityit is concerned with the
modernation and monetization of rural
society, and with its transition from
traditional isolation to integration with the
national economy.

MODERNIZATION
Traditional vs modern society
Rural backwardness lacks of modern elements
Modernization transformation of various aspects

(accelerated changes):

Economy industry
Social value systems, life style
Physical adequate housing, infrastructure and facilities

Inducement of modernity (via technology,

education etc)
Critiques:

Similar path of changes in society?

Convergence vs divergence thesis
Disappearing traditionalism?

RURAL TRANSFORMATION
Economic elements/activities/work
Social elements/people/folk
Physical elements/space/place

Transformation means changes, not

preservation!!

INCLUSIVE RURAL DEVELOPMENT

(ADB)

Rural Planning (Escap, 1979)

Rural Planning entails more than planning

for agriculture development, the landless

and near-landless, for instance, are more
likely to become victims rather than
recipients of increased agricultural
productivity

RURAL PROBLEMS

POVERTY: The Biggest

Challenge
It includes many aspects of incapacity

(economically, socially, politically)

It is in tandem with inadequate living
conditions
It brings about impacts on the environment
It creates social and political problems
It is a persistent problem

It Contradicts with
Humanity!!

Inequalities: The Next

Challenge
Rural-urban

Internal rural areas

Poverty Defined
Based on absolute measures (income) basic

living requirements
Based on relative terms socially
constructed

Children of Rural
Nepal

Children of Rural
Papua

Children of
Sumba

Poor or Friendly to the

Environment?

Poverty Map

The Biggest Challenge:

Poverty

Rural Problems
Urban bias policy
Population growth

Limited resources

Limited infrastructure
and facilities

Low
Productivity

Inadequate
knowledge & skills

Rural Poverty

Factors of Poverty
Internal to rural areas:
Population/people
Activities
Productive assets
Resources (natural and man-made)

External to rural areas:

National policies
Global factors

Levels of Explanation
Individual:
Less productive attitude and behavior

Community:
Local culture
Local resources/assets

Macro:
Policy of local government
Impeding national and global factors

Is Globalization Good?
Asymmetric relations between LDCs and

DCs neo colonialism

It increases competition
It creates opportunity (for whom)

Is Rural-urban Migration
Good?
Relies on urban industrialization

Urban capacity to cope with the influx of

rural people
The capacity of rural-urban migrants
Impacts on food/agricultural production?

Is Agrarian Reform
Necessary?
Availability of land

Economic and political consequences

Rural Problems:
The National Government
Says
Limited employment

Limited economic linkages sectorally and spatially

Barriers to interregional trade
Risk and vulnerability of farmers and business actors
Limited assets of rural people
Low services
Low quality of human resources
Conversion of fertile-irrigated land
Environmental degradation
Institution and community organization weaknesses
Problems of coordination

PERSPECTIVES ON RURAL
DEVELOPMENT

Rancabali, Southern
Bandung

Damai dan Sehat (tapi

Capai?)

Real Gotong
Royong

BIG QUESTIONS
Do we need (rural) development?:
Planning (developmentalism) vs market

mechanism
Ethical issues

If YES, how should (rural) development be

undertaken?:

Many theories and approaches

Various experiences

WHAT PERSPECTIVE
Paradigms or theoretical orientations to

guide development actions

Theories of development mostly are
empirically constructed
Development may result from trial and
error
Universal vs specific, particular, local
approach
Universal principles of rural development
has to be adjusted to the local context

PERSPECTIVES
Modernization
Dependency, the world systems
Industry led development/growth strategy
Agriculture led development
Equitable development/basic needs approach
Balanced development
Rural-regional development
Sustainable development
People centered development
Locally based, indigenous development and

others

DEPENDENCY & WORLD

SYSTEMS
(Rural) underdevelopment is caused by

structural impediments
Division of labor among nations sustaining
colonialism
Exploitation of peripheries by cores
(international and national) supported by
elites
Rural-urban linkages intensify exploitation
World systems:
Cores, semi-peripheries, peripheries
Chances to move up-ward in the hierarchy of

nations

INDUSTRY LED/GROWTH
STRATEGY
Part of the modernization approach
Industry is a leading and dynamic sector

urban industrialization, growth st

For LDCs: import substitution
industrialization
Spatially growth pole (centers) strategy
Urban bias
Critiques:
Rural-urban inequalities, persistence of rural

poverty
Urban problems

What?!

Over-urbanization

AGRICULTURE LED
Under modernization approach
Agriculture is a dynamic sector (Johnston

and Mellor)
Increasing agricultural productivity is
important (neo classic views: land, labor,
capital, technology)
The next stage: agro-industry

EQUITABLE DEVELOPMENT/
BASIC NEEDS
Dissatisfaction with industrialization led/urban

bias
Mainstreaming rural issues
Attacking rural poverty directly through basic
needs: food, clothes, shelter, health, education
For rural: appropriate technology, labor
intensive programs

BALANCED DEVELOPMENT
Growth and equity
Acknowledging the positive role of urban

areas
Increasing rural productivity + the provision of
infrastructure and facilities
Urban and rural linkages