Introduction to Control Systems

FEEDBACK AND CONTROL SYSTEMSECE4A_D1: AY 2015

CJLB

INTRODUCTION TO CONTROL SYSTEMS

Control System Definition

It Consists of subsystems and processes assembled for the

purpose of controlling the outputs of the process

Ex: A furnace produces heat as a result of the flow of

fuel.

In simplest form, it provides an output or response for a given

input or stimulus .
Input, Stimulus
Desired Rsponse

Control
Output: Response
Systems
Actual Response

Advantages of Control Systems

Advantages of control systems

We can move large components

We can point huge antennas toward the farthest reaches of the
universe
Elevators carry us quickly

Primary Reasons why control systems are build

1. Power Amplification
2. Remote Control
3. Convenience of Input Form
4. Compensation for disturbances

Advantages of Control Systems

POWER AMPLIFICATION

Control Systems can produce the needed power amplification or

power gain
Example: Radar antenna positioned by a low power position of a
knob at the input, requires a large amount of power for its
output rotation.

Remote Control

Control Systems can also be useful in remote or dangerous

locations
Example: A remote controlled robot arm can be used to pick up
materials in a radioactive environment.

Advantages of Control Systems

Convenience of input control

Control Systems can also be used to provide convenience by

changing the form of the input
Example: In a temperature control system, the input is a
positive on a thermostat, the output is heat

Compensation for disturbances

Control Systems must be able to yield the correct output even with
disturbances
Example: An antenna system that points in a commanded
direction.

The Control System Engineer

Control System engineering

What is Control System Engineers?

It is a field in which you can apply your engineering talent because it

cuts across numerous disciplines and numerous functions within
those disciplines.

It is concerned with understanding and controlling segments of their

environment , often called systems, to provide useful economic
products for society.

Characteristic Quality of control engineering:

Opportunity to control machines, industrial and economic processes

for the benefit of the society.

Response Characteristics and System Configuration

Input and Output

The input is the desire response
The output is the actual response
Example: Elevator
Input=Push button; represented by a step command
Output = floor level depends on the input

Two factors make the output different from the input

1.

Compare the instantaneous change if the input against the

gradual change of the output.
2. Compare the accuracy of the elevators leveling with the floor

Response Characteristics and System Configuration

Transient Response Gradual change from the input to the output

Steady state response Approximation of the desired response
Steady state Error - The accuracy if the elevators leveling with the floor

Response Characteristics and System Configuration

Two Major Configuration of Control System:

1. Open Loop- An open loop system utilizes an actuating device to

control the process directly without using feedback.

2. Close Loop A closed loop control system utilizes an additional

measure of the actual output to compare the actual output with the
desired output response. The measure is called the feedback signal

The Design Process

STEP 1 : Transform Requirements into a Physical System
- Determine a physical system and specifications from the requirements.
- Ex: Antenna Azimuth Position CS: the requirement would state desire to position
the antenna from a remote position
STEP 2: Draw a functional Block Diagram
- Translates a qualitative description of the system into a functional block diagram
that describes the component part of the system.
- Ex: Antenna Azimuth Position CS block diagram

Antenna Azimuth Position Control System

- The Antenna Azimuth Position
Control System turns the input
command in output position.
- This system is widely used in
antennas , robots and computer
disks.
- The purpose of this system is the
input angle to be turned into
output angle of the antenna.
- The potentiometer converts the
angular rotating in voltage.
- The output angle rotations are
turning into voltage of
potentiometer.

The Design Process

STEP 3 : Create a Schematic
- Transform a physical system into schematic
- Ex: Antenna Azimuth Position CS:

STEP 4: Develop a Mathematical model-Block Diagram

- Use the schematic to obtain a block diagram, signal flow diagram, or state space representation
- Ex: Kirchoffs voltage law, Kirchoffs current law, Newtons Law

The Design Process

STEP 5 : Reduce the block diagram
- If multiple blocks, reduce the block diagram to a single or closed loop
system.
- Ex: Antenna Azimuth Position CS:

STEP 6: Analyze and Design

- Analyze, Design, and test to see that requirements and
specification are met.

The Design Process

Step 1:
Determine a
physical system
and specifications
from the
requirements

Step 2:
Draw a functional
block diagram.

Step 3:
Transform a
physical system
into a schematic

Step 6:
Analyze, design,
and test to see that
requirements and
specification are
met

Step 5:
If nultiple blocks,
reduce the block
diagramto a single
block or closed
loop system

Step 4:
Use the schematic
to obtain a block
diagram, signal
flow diagram, or
state space
representaion