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Cells
Smallest living unit
Most are
microscopic
Discovery of Cells
Robert Hooke (mid-1600s)
Observed bark of oak tree
Saw row of empty boxes
Coined the term cell
Prokaryotic
cells
are
generally
smaller
and
Cell Types
Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic
Prokaryotic Cells
First cell type on earth
Cell type of Bacteria and Archaea
Prokaryotic Cells
No membrane bound nucleus
Nucleoid = region of DNA concentration
Organelles not bound by membranes
Prokaryotic Cells
Features shared by all prokaryotic cells:
All have a plasma membrane.
All have a region called the nucleoid
where the DNA is concentrated.
The cytoplasm (the plasma-membrane
enclosed region) consists of the nucleoid,
ribosomes, and a liquid portion called the
cytosol.
Prokaryotic Cells
Specialized features of some
prokaryotic cells:
A cell wall just outside the plasma
membrane.
Some bacteria have an outermost slimy
layer made of polysaccharides and
referred to as a capsule.
Eukaryotic Cells
Nucleus bound by membrane
Include fungi,, plant, and
animal cells
Possess many organelles
Protozoan
Eukaryotic Cells
Eukaryotes, animals, plants, fungi
have a membrane-enclosed nucleus
in each of their cells.
Eukaryotic cells:
tend to be larger than prokaryotic cells.
have a variety of membrane-enclosed
compartments called organelles.
have a protein scaffolding called the
cytoskeleton.
Eukaryotic Cells
Compartmentalization is the key
to eukaryotic cell function.
Each organelle has a specific role
defined by chemical processes.
Membranes surrounding these
organelles keep away
inappropriate molecules and also
act as traffic regulators for raw
materials into and out of the
organelle.
Structure
cell membrane
nucleus
nucleolus
ribosomes
ER
Golgi
centrioles
cell wall
mitochondria
cholorplasts
One big vacuole
cytoskeleton
Animal cells
Yes
Yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
no
yes
no
no
yes
Plant cells
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
no
yes
yes
yes
yes
Yes
Things in common
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Genetic Material
Energy Currency
Enzymes
Plasma Membrane
Every cell is surrounded by a plasma membrane, a
continuous membrane composed of a lipid bilayer
with proteins floating within it and protruding from
it.
Plasma Membrane
The current model of how
membranes are constructed is known
as Fluid-Mosaic Model.
Proposes that various molecules
of membrane are able to flow
and move about.
Phospholipids
Polar
Hydrophylic head
Hydrophobic tail
Interacts with
water
Proteins
Can be found on the surface of the
membrane or within the membrane
among phospholipids.
CELL WALL
Thecell wallis the tough, fairly rigid
layer that surrounds some types ofcells.
It is located outside thecell membrane.
In bacteria,peptidoglycan forms the cell
wall.
Fungi possess cell walls made of chitin.
In plants: cellulose
Functions
provides these cells with structural
support and protection.
A major function of the cell wall is to
act as a pressure vessel,
preventingover-expansionwhen
water enters thecell.
Membranous Organelles
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi Apparatus
Lysosomes
Chloroplast
Mitochondrion
Peroxisomes
Nucleus
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Is a set of folded membranes and
tubes throughout the system.
The general structure :membranous
network ofcisternae.
Two types: rough endoplasmic
reticulum
smooth endoplasmic
reticulum
Functions
Provides a large surface area on which
chemical reactions can take place.
It synthesizeslipids,phospholipidsand
steroid.
It also carries out the metabolism of
carbohydrates, drug detoxification.
attachment of receptors on cell membrane
proteins.
RER involved in protein synthesis
Golgi Bodies
The Golgi is composed of stacks of membranebound structures known ascisternae.
Each cisternae comprises a flat, membrane
enclosed disc that includes special Golgi enzymes.
The cisternae stack has two main functional
regions: the cis-Golgi network and trans-Golgi
network.
Vesicles from the endoplasmic reticulum fuse
with the network and subsequently progress
through the stack to the trans Golgi network,
where they are packaged and sent to their
destination
Functions
Site of synthesis and packaging of
molecules produced in cells.
Involved in transportation of
molecules s/a carbohydrates,
proteins, insulin outside the cell.
Lysosomes
Lysosomesare
cellularorganellesthat contain
hydrolaseenzymes that break down
waste materials and cellular debris.
Peroxisomes
Peroxisomes are small membrane
bound vesicles.
In human cells, peroxisomes produce
hydrogen peroxides that is used to
destroy invading microbes.
They contain enzymes responsible
for breakdown of fatty acids and
cholesterol synthesis.
Mitochondria
Have their own DNA- semiautonomous
Structure :
1.the outer mitochondrial membrane
2.the intermembrane space
3.the inner mitochondrial membrane
4.the cristae space
5.the matrix
Located on their surface are enzymes
involved involved in respiration
Figure 4.14 A Mitochondrion Converts Energy from Fuel Molecules into ATP (Part 2)
Mitochondria
Break down fuel molecules (cellular respiration)
Glucose
Fatty acids
Release energy
ATP
Chloroplasts
Chloroplasts
-organelles present in cells of plants
and some other eukaryotes
-contain chlorophyll for photosynthesis
-surrounded by 2 membranes
-thylakoids are membranous sacs
within the inner membrane
-grana are stacks of thylakoids
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Nucleus
Known as the control centre of the
Cell
a membrane-bound sac evolved to store
surrounded
by a nuclear envelope
composed of 2 phospholipid bilayers
in chromosomes DNA is organized with
proteins to form chromatin
Nuclear membrane:
separates the nucleoplasm, liquid
material in the nucleus, from the
cytoplasm
Nuclear pores:
Exchange of materials
allows thousands of large molecules
such as RNA to pass into and out of
the nucleus each minute.
Nucleolus:
Inside nucleus
Location of ribosome factory
Made of RNA
NON MEMBRANEOUS
Ribosomes
Cytoskeleton
Centrioles
Cillia and Flagella
Ribosomes
A ribosome is made from complexes
of RNAs and proteins
-ribonucleoprotein.
Each ribosome is divided into two
subunits: the smaller subunit and
the larger subunit
Cytoskeleton
Cytoskeleton
-network of protein fibers found in all
eukaryotic cells
-supports the shape of the cell
-keeps organelles in fixed locations
-helps move materials within the cell
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Cytoskeleton
Cytoskeleton fibers include
- microfilaments responsible for
cellular contractions, crawling,
pinching
-microtubules provide organization to
the cell and move materials within the
cell
-intermediate filaments provide
structural stability
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Cytoskeleton
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