Central Dogma of life

Central dogma
DNA molecule contains a
type of blue print for
making many different
types of proteins that a
cell need.
Gene: Part/segment of
DNA that codes for a
particular protein.
The set of ideas that
decribes how the cell
uses
the
information
stored
in
DNA
to
produce protein is called
central dogma.

Replication of DNA
Replication - the making of an exact copy
of the DNA molecule
Replication occurs whenever a cell divides
The copy must be 100% accurate
(errors = death possibly)

Steps of DNA
Replication

 Initiation:
The first major step for theDNA Replicationto take
place is the breaking of hydrogen bonds between bases
of the two antiparallel strands.
The unwounding of the two strands is the starting point.
The splitting happens in places of the chains which are
rich in A-T.
Helicaseis the enzyme that splits the two strands. The
initiation point where the splitting starts is called "origin
of replication".
The structure that is created is known as "Replication
Fork".

 Binding ofRNA Primasein the initiation

point of the 3'-5' parent chain.
RNA Primasecan attract RNA
nucleotides which bind to the DNA
nucleotides of the 3'-5' strand due to the
hydrogen bonds between the bases.
RNA nucleotides are the primers (starters)
for the binding of DNA nucleotides.

 Theelongationprocess is different for

the 5'-3' and 3'-5' template.
a) 5'-3' Template: The 3'-5' proceeding
daughter strand -that uses a5'-3'
template- is calledleading
strandbecauseDNA.
Polymerase can "read" the template
and continuously adds nucleotides

b) 3'-5'Template: The3'-5' templatecannot be "read" by

DNA Polymerase .
The replication of this template is complicated and the new
strand is calledlagging strand. In the lagging strand the
RNA Primase adds more RNA Primers.
DNA polymerase reads the template and lengthens the
bursts. The gap between two RNA primers is called
"Okazaki Fragments".
The RNA Primers are necessary for DNA Polymerase to bind
Nucleotides to the 3' end of them. The daughter strand is
elongated with the binding of more DNA nucleotides.

 In the lagging strand theDNA Pol

-exonuclease- reads the fragments and
removes the RNA Primers.
The gaps are closed with the action of
DNA Polymerase and DNA Ligase.
Each new double helix is consisted of
one old and one new chain. This is what
we callsemiconservative replication

 The laststep of DNA Replicationis

theTermination.
This process happens when the DNA
Polymerase reaches to an end of the
strands.

Transcription and its Stages

Is the process in which a particular segment of DNA
is copied into RNA by the enzyme RNA polymerase.
There are three main steps to the process of DNA
transcription.
INITIATION: RNA Polymerase Binds to DNA

DNA is transcribed by an enzyme called RNA polymerase.

Specific nucleotide sequences tell RNA polymerase where
to begin and where to end.
RNA polymerase attaches to the DNA at a specific area
called the promoter region
Sigma factor ( a component of RNA polymerase) helps
RNA polymerase in binding to DNA on promoter region.

 ELONGATION
1. Unwinding of the DNA strand and thus allowing
RNA polymerase to transcribe only a single strand of
DNA into a single stranded RNA polymer called
messenger RNA (mRNA).
2. The strand that serves as the template is called the
antisense strand. The strand that is not transcribed is
called the sense strand.
3. When RNA polymerase transcribes the DNA,
guanine pairs with cytosine and adenine pairs with
uracil.

 TERMINATION
RNA polymerase moves along the
DNA until it reaches a terminator
sequence.
At that point, RNA polymerase
releases the mRNA polymer and
detaches from the DNA.

Transcription in Glance

Translation
Change of nucleic
acid language into
protein language.
Translation is the
reading of the
RNA
code,
by
ribosomes,
to
make proteins or
polypeptides.
Translation is the
process by which
information stored
in RNA is used for
protein synthesis
17

Translation
mRNA is the message (the plan for the protein)
RNA molecules carry amino acids to the
ribosome for assembly into proteins; acts as
adapter for translating the message from DNA.
The ribosome binds to mRNA and allows only
the correct tRNA to add its amino acid others
are rejected.
Triplet codons -groups of three bases on mRNA
that code for specific amino acids

18

Translation
The function of the start codon is to serve
as a place for the ribosome to begin
translation
The only start codon is AUG

The function of special stop codons is to

terminate or end the translation process
The stop codons are: UAA, UAG and UGA

19

STAGES OF TRANSLATION
INITIATION:
Translation begins with the binding of the small
ribosomal subunit to a specific sequence on
the mRNA chain.
Once the small subunit has bound, a special
tRNA molecule, called N-formyl methionine, or
fMet, recognizes and binds to the initiator
codon.
Next, the large subunit binds, forming what is
known as the initiation complex.
With the formation of the initiation complex,
the fMet-tRNA occupies the P site of the
ribosome and the A site is left empty.

INITIATION

 ELONGATION:

The next step makes up the bulk of translation.

It's called elongation, and it's the addition of amino acids by the formation
of peptide bonds.
Elongation is just what it sounds like: a chain of amino acids grows longer
and longer as more amino acids are added on.
with tRNA bearing a chain of amino acids in the p site and tRNA
containing a single amino acid in the A site, the addition of a link to the
chain can be made.
This addition occurs through the formation of a peptide bond, the nitrogencarbon bond that forms between amino acid subunits to form a polypeptide
chain.
The peptide chain shifts over to the A site,The tRNA in the A site shifts
over to the P site. Meanwhile, the ribosome shifts ahead on mRNA.
In other words, the ribosome moves so that a new mRNA codon is
accessible in the A site.
With the A site open again, the next appropriate aminoacyl
tRNA can bind there and the

 TERMINATION:
Translation ends when one of three stop
codons, UAA, UAG, or UGA, enters the A site
of the ribosome.
There are no tRNA molecules that recognize
these sequences.
This step involves release of the completed
polypeptide chain and separating the
ribosome into its original small and large
subunits.