OWJ100101 WCDMA Radio Network Coverage Planning

Internal
OWJ100101 WCDMA Radio

Network Coverage Planning
ISSUE1.0
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.
www.huawei.com
All rights reserved
Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:
Know the contents and process of network planning

Understand the uplink budget and its elements
Understand the downlink budget and its elements
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Chapter 1 Process of WCDMA Network Planning

Chapter 2 Uplink Budget
Chapter 3 Downlink Budget
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1.1 Overview of Radio Network Planning
1.2 Huawei Concept of Radio Network Planning
1.3 Process of Radio Network Planning
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Definition and Category of Network Planning

Definition:
Network planning means that proper network elements (NEs) are

selected according to the network target, network evolution
requirement, and cost, and then the quality, configuration, and
connection mode of the NEs are determined to facilitate engineering
implementation.
Categories:
Planning of core network

Planning of radio network
Planning of transmission network
Focus of the train:
Planning of radio network.
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Importance of Radio Network Planning in 3G

Importance:
The construction cost of the mobile

communications network mainly lies in the
equipment investment
Among the three parts of the 3G network
(radio access network, transmission network,
and core network), the radio access network
occupies more than 70% investment
The investment in the radio access network
depends on the number and configuration of
the BSs
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Compare WCDMA Network Planning with that of GSM

WCDMA uses the spread spectrum
In the GSM system, the structure and
frequency of the cellular network are planned

in order to ensure that the co-frequency and
adjacent-frequency interference meet the call
quality requirement
If the interference requirement is met, the
number of supported subscribers can be

calculated based on the number of carrier
frequencies and the number of timeslots
technology, so it can realize 11 frequency

multiplexing without frequency planning
The capacity of each carrier in WCDMA is
"soft" because it is related to factors such as

environment and adjacent-cell interference
The coverage of the WCDMA system is related
to the system load. If the system load

increases, the coverage will shrink
The coverage of the GSM system depends on

The WCDMA system supports services with
the transmit power of the transmitter and the

demodulation performance of the receiver
The GSM mainly offers voice service, and the
GoS and design objective are relatively simple

f1
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different rate and QoS, including voice service,

and their coverage capacity is different. In the
network planning, the system performance
shall be optimized through reasonable
planning and radio resource management
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f3
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f1
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Huawei Concept of Wireless Network Planning

Optimal coverage for profitable services
The 3G network is a multi-service network, so the network resources need be

distributed among different services. The cell radius and coverage scheme
should be determined after the profitable services and their coverage quality
are determined. At the early stage of the 3G network, if the planning focuses
on high-speed data service, it will result in waste of the BSs because there are
not enough services
Competitive core service
Core service refers to the service that have a long-term effect on the network
development. It is possible that the core service is not profitable in a short
period, but is the attraction of the subscriber increase and service
development, for example, high-speed data service. Therefore, the quality of
the core service should be guaranteed in order to show the service and
performance advantages of the 3G network and promote the operator's brand
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Highest capacity based on limited resources
The capacity of the 3G network is mainly affected

by interference. Reasonable parameter planning
may help to reduce intra-cell and inter-cell
interference, improve the cell capacity, and make
full use of the limited resources
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Lowest overall cost of network construction
The construction of the radio network goes through

the lifecycle of the network. In the planning, further
development shall be considered, in order to
reduce the total cost of network construction
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Process of Wireless Network Planning

Radio Network Dimensioning (RND)
At the early stage of the project planning, the future

network is preliminarily planned, and the configuration and
the number of RAN NEs are output for preliminary project
negotiation and for cost estimation in contract signing
Pre-planning of radio network
At the mid stage of project planning, based on the

dimensioning output, the future network is planned in
detail, and the accurate network scale and theoretical site
location are determined. A pre-planning report will be
output for mid-stage project and cost estimation in
contract signing
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Process of Wireless Network Planning

Cell planning of radio network
At the later stage of project planning, based on the

pre-planning output, each selected site is surveyed,
and the related cell parameters are determined. If the
result is quite different from the planning, the cell
parameters and planning effect should be checked
through simulation, and the output report would be
the final radio network planning scheme that can
guide the project implementation
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Process of Radio Network Planning
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Radio Network Dimensioning

Radio network dimensioning is a simplified analysis of the
future network
Objective:
To obtain the network scale (Approximate BS quantity and
configuration), to obtain the construction period, and to
obtain information such as electronical cost and human
resource cost
Method:
Select a proper propagation model, and subscriber mobility,
distribution, and traffic models, and then estimate the site
quantity, cell quantity, coverage size and capacity
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Requirement of RND parameters

Information of coverage area
The engineers of RNP should know exact information about

coverage area ,for example :
Area , economy, population
Distribution of terrain
The information of mobile communication market
Target of network
The target of network should include several factors:

Service
Coverage area & Coverage quality
Network Capacity
Target load of cell
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Radio Network dimensioning (1st step )

Input
Output
Coverage information
System scale
Coverage area
Coverage probability
Capacity information
Site quantity
Coverage dimensioning
System configuration
Traffic model
Sector structure
Service model
Carrier quantity
Subscriber density
Quality information
QoS requirement
Network construction
Capacity dimensioning
Site cost
GoS requirement
Equipment cost
Demodulation threshold
cost
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Radio Network Pre-planning (2nd step)

Based on radio network
dimensioning, the network preplanning intends to determine the

initial layout and theoretical
location of the BSs and select
engineering parameters (BS
location, network hierarchy,
transmit power, antenna
layout/type/direction/tilt angle, and
so on) and some cell parameters
(common channel, transmit power
of traffic channel, orthogonal
factor, cell scrambling code, and
so on)
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Based on the result of RND,
theoretical location of site,

parameters of project, parameters of
cell, We should carry out coverage
simulation
We should carry out more detailed
adjustment (for example amount of

NodeB, configuration of NodeB,
antenna altitude, antenna azimuth)
after analyzing the results of
coverage simulation
Finally ,we should get perfect
coverage result
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Radio Network Pre-planning report
We should output Radio Network Pre-planning report after finishing

previous jobs. Radio Network Pre-planning report should include
following factors:
Introduce of project background
Information of planning area :area, population, cluster
Project of radio network pre-planning: site distribution map, site list
( include site name, latitude ,longitude, parameters)
Performance of project :based on the simulation result
Appendix: statistical diagram about performance
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Radio Network Cell Planning (3rd step)

Flowchart of cell
planning
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Radio Network Cell Planning site survey (3rd step)

In fact , perfect site position could not be acquired. We must select some backup
site. But how can we select the backup site?
Based on experience , backup site is selected in SEARCH RING scope ,
SEARCH RING =1/4*R, at the same time ,we still consider its height.
We still pay attention to some other factors when we select the backup sites :
Radio propagation
Site position
Site height
Surrounding
Job implementation
Space of room
Antenna installation
Transmission
Power
Commercial factor
Rent
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Radio Network Cell Planning System Simulation (3rd step )

System Simulation class
Static simulation
Static simulation would gain the
performance of radio network based
on snapshot
The example of Monto Carlo

simulation
Dynamic simulation
Dynamic simulation would gain the
performance of radio network based
on analysis of mobile subscribers.
At present, Static simulation is in common
use. Monto Carlo simulation is one type of

static simulations
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The example about Monto Carlo simulation

Access ratio
100% 20% 60% 100%

0% 75% 60% 40%
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Distribution of NodeBs
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Simulation diagram pilot coverage intensity
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Simulation diagram pilot coverage quality (Ec/Io)
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Coverage probability of 64k video call service
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Coverage probability of 144k Net Meeting service
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Coverage probability of 384k HTTP service
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Simulation result about pilot pollution
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CapacityCoverageQuality
Relation between capacity, coverage, and quality of the WCDMA
system
The WCDMA system is a self-interference system, and its
capacity, coverage, and quality closely related to each other
Capacitycoverage (e.g. cell breath)
If the load increases, the capacity and interference also
increase, and the coverage shrinks
Capacityquality (e.g. outer loop power control)
The system capacity may increase by lowering the quality of
some connections
Coveragequality (e.g. AMRC)
The coverage may increase by lowering the quality of some

connections
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Process of Coverage Planning

Create link budget
Maximum path loss
Obtain cell radius

Minimum cell radius
Calculate site area
Environment features of the planned
area
Site capacity
Indoor coverage
Coverage probability
Propagation model
Equipment performance
Maximum site coverage area
Specify site quantity

of the area
Site quantity=planned area/site coverage area

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Fundamental Principle
NodeB
TX
Ga_BS
Pout_BS
Link Budget: Link Budget
Lf_BS
Feeder
L
_U
PL
RX
L
_D
PL
Lc_BS
Combiner
Duplexer
Ga_UE
UE
TX
Fading
Margin
Pout_UE
Combiner
Duplexer
Body Loss
intends to estimate the

system coverage by
analyzing the factors of
the propagation of the
forward signal and
reverse signal, in order to
obtain the maximum
propagation loss after
certain communications
quality is ensured
Penetration
Loss
RX
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Algorithm Introduction
Uplink (reverse)
PL_UL=Pout_UE +Ga_BS+Ga_UE Lf_BS+Ga_SHO Mpc Mf
MI Lp Lb S_BS
PL_UL: Maximum propagation loss of the Uplink
Pout_UE: Maximum transmit power of the traffic channel of the UE
Lf_BS: Cable loss
Ga_BS: Antenna gain of the BS; Ga_UE: Antenna gain of the MS
Ga_SHO: Gain of soft handover
Mpc: Margin for fast power control
Mf: Slow fading margin (related to the propagation environment)
MI: Interference margin (related to the designed system capacity)
Lp: Penetration loss of a building (used if indoor coverage is required)
Lb: Body loss
S_BS: Sensitivity of BS receiver (related to factors such as service and
multi-path condition)
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Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budget

Max Power of TCH
SHO Gain over Fast Fading
Body Loss
Fast Fading Margin
Gain of UE Tx Antenna
Minimum Signal Strength Required
EIRP
Penetration Loss
Gain of BS Rx Antenna
Std. dev. of Slow Fading
Cable Loss
Edge coverage Probability
Noise Figure (BS)
Slow Fading Margin
Required Eb/No (BS)
SHO Gain over Slow Fading
Sensitivity of BS Receiver
UL Cell Load
Interference Margin
Background Noise Level
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1.Max Power of TCH (dBm)
For a UE, the maximum power of each traffic channel is usually the
nominal total transmit power. There are many types of UE in a
commercial network, so this parameters should be reasonably set in
the link budget according to the specifications of a mainstream
commercial cell phone and the requirement of the operator
Grade of UE power TS 25.101 v3.7.0 2001-06 6.2.1
Power Class
Nominal maximum output power
Tolerance
+33dBm
+1/-3dB
+27dBm
+1/-3dB
+24dBm
+1/-3dB
+21dBm
+2/-2dB
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2. Body Loss (dB)
For voice service, the body loss is 3 dB

Because the data service mainly involves reading and video, so the UE is
relatively far from body, and the body loss is 0 dB
3. Gain of UE Tx Antenna (dBi)
In general, assume that the receiver gain and transmitter gain of the UE
antenna are both 0 dBi
4. EIRP (Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power) (dBm)
UE EIRP (dBm)
= UE Tx Power (dBm) - Body Loss (dB) + Gain of UE Tx Antenna (dBi)
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5. Gain of BS Rx Antenna (dBi)
Kathrein 741794
Kathrein 741790
1710~2170MHz (dual
band for DCS and
UMTS)
Frequency range
1920~2170MHz
Polarization
Vertical
Polarization
+45, -45
Gain
11dBi
Gain
18.5dBi
HPBW
Vertical: 7
Horizontal: 63
Electrical tilt
Fixed, 0
Vertical:6.5
dimensioning (Height)
1387 mm
Electrical tilt
Fixed, 2
Weight
5kg
Side lobe suppression for 1st side

lobe above horizon
>14dB
Front-to-back ratio, co-polar
>30dB
dimensioning (Height / Width /

Depth)
1302 mm / 155 mm / 69
mm
Weight
6.6kg
Frequency range
HPBW (1920~2170MHz)
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6. Cable Loss (dB)
It includes the loss of the feeders and

connectors between the cabinet top and the
antenna connector.
Lower jumper
Connector
Feeder
Upper jumper
Etc.
Except for the feeder, the loss is relatively
constant. Assume that the connecter loss is
0.8 dB.
7/8-inch feeder: 6.1 dB / 100m for 2GHz
5/4-inch feeder: 4.5 dB / 100m for 2GHz
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7. Noise Figure (dB)
Noise figure (NF): It is used to measure the noise performance of an

amplifier. It refers to the ratio of the input SNR to the output SNR of
the antenna
NF = SNRi / SNRo = (Si / Ni) / (So / No)

Thermal noise of receiver (unit bandwidth):
PN = KTBWNF
= -174 (dBm/Hz) + 10lg(3.84MHz / 1Hz) + NF(dB)
= -108 (dBm/3.84MHz) + NF (dB)
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8. Eb/No Required (dB)
It is obtained through link simulation. It is related to the following:

Configuration of receiver diversity
Multi-path channel condition
Bearer type
9. Sensitivity of BS Receiver (dBm)
Sensitivity of Receiver (dBm)

= -174 (dBm/Hz) + NF (dB) + 10lg(3.84MHz/1Hz)
+ required Eb/No (dB) - 10lg[3.84MHz/Rb(kHz)]
= -174 (dBm/Hz) + NF (dB) + 10lg[1000 * Rb (kHz)] + Eb/No (dB)
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10. Background Noise Level (dBm)
External electromagnetic interference sources:

Wireless transmitters (GSM, microwave, radar,
television station, and so)
Automobile ignition
Lightning
For the planning for a specific area, it is

recommended to estimate the local interference
through noise test
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11. Penetration Loss (dB)
Indoor penetration loss refers to the difference between the average signal
strength outside the building and the average signal strength of one layer of
the building
The penetration loss is related to building type, arrive angle of the radio
wave, and so on. In the link budget, assume that the penetration loss is
subject to the lognormal distribution. The penetration loss is indicated by
average penetration loss and standard deviation
It is uneconomical to provide better indoor coverage through an outdoor BS.
The indoor coverage shall be provided through a reasonable indoor
coverage solution
In the actual construction of a commercial network, the penetration loss
margin is usually specified by the operator in order to compare the planning
results of different manufacturers
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12. Fast Fading Margin (dB)
In the link budget, the demodulation performance of the used receiver is

the simulation result based on the assumed ideal power control. In an
actual system, because of the limited transmit power of the transmitter,
non-ideal factors are introduced in the closed loop power control
Effect of power control margin on the uplink demodulation performance:
The simulation shows the following: When the HeadRoom is large, the
target Eb/No set in the outer loop power control is appropriate to the
simulation result under the ideal power control. As the power margin
decreases, the Eb/No gradually increases (if the power margin
decreases by 1 dB, the required Eb/No increases by about 1 dB). If
power control performance is almost not available, the BER/BLER
cannot be ensured
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13. Edge coverage Probability
When the transmit power of a UE hits the threshold, but the path loss does
not meet the requirements for the lowest receive level, the link will be
disconnected.
For a UE at a distance of d, the link disconnection probability is as follows:
Pr_ outage( d ) Pr{Pmax _ UE PL( d ) S min }
Pr{Pmax _ UE 10 lg(d ) S min }
Pr{Pmax _ UE S min 10 lg(d ) }
Pr{ ( d ) }
(d) = Pmax_UE S_min 10lg(d) It refers to the difference between

the average loss of the paths at a distance of d and the allowed maximum
path loss for ensuring the connection.
The average fading component is 0, and the standard variation is
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14. Slow Fading Margin (dB)
Key point: Property of normal distribution
SF x dnorm x 0
SF_M x pnorm x 0
1
0.9
0.8
0.06
0.7
SF( x 8)
SF_M ( x 8)
0.6
SF( x 10) 0.04
SF_M ( x 10) 0.5
SF( x 12)
SF_M ( x 12) 0.4

0.3
0.02
0.2
0.1
30
20
10
10
20
30
20
16
12
12
16
Slow Fading Margin (dB) = required edge coverage ProbabilityStd. dev. of Slow Fading (dB)
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20

15. Uplink Cell Load
N
UL 1 i L j 1 i
EbvsNo
Rjv j
Uplink cell load is used to measure the uplink load of a cell

The higher the uplink cell load, the higher the uplink interference
If the uplink load is about 100% , the uplink interference becomes infinite,
and the corresponding capacity is the limit capacity
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16. Uplink Interference Margin (dB)
NoiseRise
I TOT
PN
1
N
1 Lj
1
1 UL
50% Load 3dB

60% Load 4dB
75% Load 6dB
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17. SHO Gain over Fast Fading (dB)
The soft handover gain includes two parts:

Multiple irrelevant soft handover branches lower the
required margin for fading, which results in multi-cell gain.
Gain for the link demodulation of the soft handover
macro diversity combining gain
The SHO Gain over Fast Fading refer to the macro diversity
combination gain
This value is obtained through simulation. The typical value is
1.5 dB
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18. SHO Gain over Slow Fading (dB)
As mentioned above, the soft handover gain includes two

parts:
Multiple irrelevant soft handover branches lower the
required margin for fading, which results in multi-cell
gain.
Gain for the link demodulation of the soft handover
macro diversity combination gain
The SHO Gain over Slow Fading refers to the multi-cell
diversity combining gain
This value is obtained by simulation
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19. Minimum Signal Strength Required (dBm)
After the interference factors and the factors degrading the

performance are considered, the signal strength required by
the correct demodulation is receiver sensitivity in the
network

= Sensitivity of Receiver (dBm) - Gain of Antenna (dBi)
+ Body Loss (dB) + Interference Margin (dB)
+ Margin for Background Noise (dB) - SHO Gain over fast
fading (dB) + Fast Fading Margin (dB)
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Summary: Cell edge path loss
Based on the maximum path loss allowed by the link, the

path loss at the cell edge can be calculated if the fading
margin and soft handover gain for providing the required
edge/area coverage probability and the penetration loss of
indoor coverage are considered
Path Loss (dB) = [ EIRP (dBm) - Minimum Signal Strength
Required (dBm) ]- Penetration Loss (dB) - Slow Fading
Margin (dB) + SHO Gain over Slow Fading (dB)
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Fundamental Principle
NodeB
TX
Ga_BS
Pout_BS
Lc_BS
Combiner
Duplexer
Link Budget: Link
Lf_BS
Feeder
L
_D
PL
L
_U
PL
RX
Ga_UE
UE
TX
Fading
Margin
Pout_UE
Combiner
Duplexer
Body Loss
Penetration
Loss
Budget intends to
estimate the system
coverage by
analyzing the factors
of the propagation
of the forward signal
and reverse signal, in
order to obtain the
maximum
propagation loss after
certain
communications
quality is ensured
RX
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Algorithm
Downlink (forward)
PL_DL=Pout_BS Lf_BS+Ga_BS+Ga_UE +Ga_SHO Mpc Mf MI Lp
Lb S_UE
PL_DL: Maximum propagation loss of the downlink
Pout_UE: Maximum transmit power of the traffic channel of the BS
Lf_BS: Cable loss
Ga_BS: Antenna gain of the BS; Ga_UE: Antenna gain of the MS
Ga_SHO: Gain of soft handover
Mpc: Margin for fast power control
Mf: Slow fading margin (related to the propagation environment)
MI: Interference margin (related to the designed system capacity)
Lp: Penetration loss of a building (used if indoor coverage is required)
Lb: Body loss
S_UE: Sensitivity of UE receiver (related to factors such as service and
multi-path condition)
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Elements of WCDMA Downlink Budget

Max Power of TCH
SHO Gain over Fast Fading
Cable Loss
Fast Fading Margin
Gain of BS Tx Antenna
EIRP
Gain of UE Rx Antenna
Body Loss

Penetration Loss
Std. dev. of Slow Fading
Noise Figure (UE)
Edge coverage Probability
Required Eb/No (UE)
Slow Fading Margin
Sensitivity of UE Receiver
SHO Gain over Slow Fading
DL Cell Loading
Interference Margin
Background Noise Level
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1.Downlink Cell Load
Downlink cell load factor is defined in two ways:

Downlink cell load at the receiver:
DL 1 j i j EbvsNo j j v j
W
1
This definition is similar to that of the uplink cell load:

The higher the downlink cell load, the higher the cell transmit power,
and the higher the receiver interference.
When the downlink cell load is 100% , the corresponding capacity is
the limit capacity of the downlink.
Downlink cell load at the receiver: The ratio of the current cell transmit
power to the maximum BS transmit power. Characteristics:
The higher the downlink cell load, the higher the cell transmit power.
The downlink cell load is related to service type, UE receiver
performance, cell size, and BS capability.
Currently, the later definition is used in the link budget tool.

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2.Downlink Interference Margin (dB)
Downlink interference at UE receiver:

NoiseRise( j )
I total
PN
N
PT
1
(1 j )
PT
PN
n 1 PL
PL j
j ,n
PN
The downlink load factor is:
DL
Eb / N o j V j R j
(1 j ) f DL , j

j 1
W
,where
PL j ,own
n 1
PL j ,n
f DL , j
The link budget tool uses the following typical values:

orthogonal factor j : It is obtained through simulation. It is related to
environment type and cell radius.
Cell edge adjacent-cell interference factor : 1.78
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Page 62
Thank You
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OWJ100101 WCDMA Radio

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

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Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:

Know the contents and process of network planning

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

All rights reserved

Chapter 1 Process of WCDMA Network Planning

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

All rights reserved

Chapter 1 Process of WCDMA Network Planning

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

All rights reserved

Definition and Category of Network Planning

Network planning means that proper network elements (NEs) are

Planning of core network

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

All rights reserved

Importance of Radio Network Planning in 3G

The construction cost of the mobile

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

All rights reserved

Compare WCDMA Network Planning with that of GSM

In the GSM system, the structure and

frequency of the cellular network are planned

number of supported subscribers can be

technology, so it can realize 11 frequency

"soft" because it is related to factors such as

to the system load. If the system load

The coverage of the GSM system depends on

the transmit power of the transmitter and the

The GSM mainly offers voice service, and the

GoS and design objective are relatively simple

different rate and QoS, including voice service,

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

All rights reserved

Chapter 1 Process of WCDMA Network Planning

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

All rights reserved

Huawei Concept of Wireless Network Planning

The 3G network is a multi-service network, so the network resources need be

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

All rights reserved

Huawei Concept of Wireless Network Planning

Highest capacity based on limited resources

The capacity of the 3G network is mainly affected

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

All rights reserved

Huawei Concept of Wireless Network Planning

Lowest overall cost of network construction

The construction of the radio network goes through

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

All rights reserved

Chapter 1 Process of WCDMA Network Planning

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

All rights reserved

Process of Wireless Network Planning

At the early stage of the project planning, the future

At the mid stage of project planning, based on the

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

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Process of Wireless Network Planning

At the later stage of project planning, based on the