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OSI
Model
TCP/IP Model
Protocols at each layer
Learning outcomes
Hardware
&
Software
Hardware
&
Software
DEVICE A
DEVICE B
www.howtheosimodelworks.c
Application
Application
Technical
Standards
Technical
Standards
Application Layer: Concerned with user interface, file access and file transfer
www.howtheosimodelworks.com
Application
Application
Network
Data-Link
Physical
Network
Data-Link
Physical
Physical Layer
Describes physical aspects of network: cards, wires, etc
Specifies interconnect topologies and devices
Network Layer
Defines a standard method for operating between nodes
Address scheme is defined (IP)
Accounts for varying topologies
Data-Link
Works with Network Layer to translate logical addresses (IP) into hardware
addresses (MAC) for transmission
Defines a single link protocol for transfer between two nodes
Application
Application
Transport
Network
Data-Link
Physical
Transport
Network
Data-Link
Physical
Application
Application
Session
Transport
Network
Data-Link
Physical
Session
Transport
Network
Data-Link
Physical
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data-Link
Physical
Where is it on my computer?
Workstation or Server Service in
MS Windows
Presentation Layer
Session Layer
Allows applications to
maintain an ongoing session
Where is it on my computer?
Workstation and Server
Service (MS)
Windows Client for
NetWare (NetWare)
Transport Layer
Figure 2.9
Transport layer
Network Layer
Responsibilities:
Network addressing
Routing
Example:
IP from TCP/IP
Network layer
Network Addresses
Network-wide
addresses
Used to transfer data across subnets
Used by routers for packet forwarding
Example:
IP Address
Where
is it on my computer?
TCP/IP Software
Physical Layer
Cabling
Interconnect methods
(topology / devices)
Data encoding (bits to waves)
Electrical properties
Examples:
Physical layer
Cabling
Twister Pair
Fiber Optic
Figure 2.2
OSI layers
Header
Encapsulation
Figure 2.3
Figure 2.14
Summary of layers
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data-Link
Physical
7 - Application
All
6 - Presentation
People
5 - Session
Seem
4 - Transport
To
3 - Network
Need
2 - Data Link
Data
1 - Physical
Processing
4: Application
Layer 3: Transport
Layer 2: Internet
Layer 1: Network access
It is important to note that some of the
layers in the TCP/IP model have the same
name as layers in the OSI model.
Do not confuse the layers of the two models.
transport layer deals with the quality-ofservice issues of reliability, flow control, and error
correction.
Connection oriented
Connection established before sending data
Reliable
Connectionless
Sending data without establishing connection
Fast but unreliable
Layer
Application
Protocols
HTTP
TELNET
FTP
SMTP
Transport
TCP
UDP
Internet
IP
ICMP
Network Access
(Host-to-network)
ETHERNET
SNMP
PACKET RADIO
HTTP:
FTP :
TELNET:
POP3 is designed to delete mail on the server as soon as the user has
downloaded it
Retrieve emails,
retaining e-mail on the server and for organizing it in folders on the serve
Connection oriented
Connection established before sending data
Reliable
user
Connectionless
Sending data without establishing connection
Fast but unreliable
Path selection ,
routing and addressing
ICMP
Uses CSMA/CD
Token
Ring
Data Formats
Application data
application
layer
transport
layer
network
layer
data link
layer
TCP
header
TCP
header
data
IP
TCP
header header
data
Ethernet
IP
TCP
header header header
data
data
message
TCP
header
data
segment
packet
Ethernet
trailer
frame
22Bytes20Bytes20Bytes
64 to 1500 Bytes
4Bytes
TCP/IP Hierarchy
Protocols
7th
Application Layer
6th
Presentation
Layer
5th
Session Layer
4th
Transport Layer
3rd
Network Layer
Application
Layer
Transport
Layer
Network Layer
2nd
Link Layer
1st
Physical Layer
Link Layer
Link Layer
: includes device driver and network interface
card
Network Layer
: handles the movement of packets, i.e.
Routing
Transport Layer : provides a reliable flow of data between two
OSI Model
Equipment
Pneumonic Equipment
Name
Purpose
Layer 7
Application
All
Layer 6
Presentation People
Layer 5
Session
Seem
Layer 4
Transport
To
Layer 3
Network
Layer 2
Data Link
-MAC
-LLC
Layer 1
Physical
Data
Computer
Regular Computer
or A Special
Data
Gateway. Used to
combine networks
using different
communication
protocols
Protocols
Words to
Remember
Redirector,
Application
FTP, Telnet, Browsers
SMTP,
SNMP,
Common Data
Application
Netware
Format
Core
Dialogues and
Conversations
Quality of
Segment TCP and UDP Service, and
Reliability
Computer
Need
Router
Segment Network
into Smaller
Broadcast
Domains
Data
Bridge (2
Ports) or
Switch and
NIC
Segment Network
into Smaller
Frame
Collision Domains
Processing
Repeater,
One Collision AND
Hub (MultiOne Broadcast Bit
port),
Domain
Cabling
Packet
TCP/IP
Model
NFS, SQL,
RPC, X-Win
Routable
Protocols.
(IP, IPX,
AppleTalk)
Path Selection,
Routing, and
Addressing
NDIS, ODI,
Frames and
MAC Address, Media Access
Ether Talk
Control (MAC)
Physical
Signals and
Media
Application
Transport
Internet
Network
Access
Network
Access
Internet applications
Client-Server model
Client and server processes operate on machines which are able to communicate through
a network:
Example of servers
File servers
Web servers
Browsers
Email clients
What is a socket?
An
Create a socket
Port 0
Port 1
Ports
Port 65535
Protocols
For
Reading
1
http://www.hawkclan.com/zxonly/iso/slide2.html