Professional Documents
Culture Documents
P M V Subbarao
Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department
dwnet
0
d 0
0 1 T03
d c pT01
0
dwnet
0 T01
0
d 0
d 0
d c pT01
1
1
0
d 0
T03
0
T01
0
T0 max 1
c pT0 min d
T0 min 0
d 0
2
0
T0 max
1 0
T0 min
T0 max
0 1
T0 min
0 max
T0 max
T0 min
T0 max
T0 max
wnet ,max c pT0 min
2
1
T0 min
T0 min
At maximum power:
compact
wnet ,max
compact
qin
wnet ,max
qin
T0 exhaust
0 max
2 T0 maxT0 min 1
T0 maxT0 min 1
T0 max
T0 maxT0 min
0,max
Important Comments:
What if I am not interested in Compactness.
Should I prefer high Pressure Ratio for Efficient Plant?
Why the plant is compact at this condition?
What else can be inferred form this condition?
The state-of-the-art
The newer large industrial gas turbines size have increased and
capable of generating as much as 200 MW at 50 Hz.
The turbine entry temperature has increased to 12600C, and the
pressure ratio is 16:1.
Typical simple cycle efficiencies on natural gas are 35%.
The ABB GT 13 E2 is rated at 164 MW gross output on natural
gas, with an efficiency of 35.7%.
The pressure ratio is 15:1.
The combustion system is designed for low Nox production.
The dry Nox is less than 25 ppm on natural gas.
The turbine entry temperature is 11000C and the exhaust
temperature is 5250C.
The turbine has five stages, and the first two rotor stages and
the first three stator stages are cooled;
the roots of the last two stages are also cooled.
Fuel
Natural gas
Frequency
60 Hz
187.7 MW*
36.9 %
9251 Btu/kWh
Turbine speed
3600 rpm
32:1
445 kg/s
612 C
< 25 vppm
Fuel
Natural gas
Frequency
60 Hz
187.7 MW*
36.9 %
9251
9756 Btu/kWh
kJ/kWh
Turbine speed
3600 rpm
32:1
445 kg/s
612 C
< 25 vppm
Wet compression
One of the most effective ways to increase the gas turbine
power output is to reduce the amount of work required for
its compressor.
A gas turbine compressor consumes about 30 to 50% of
work produced by the turbine.
Inlet Duct
Intake Air
P
P
2T
2k
P
0
2s
2n
1.
2.
3.
Where
L dw
k
1 R dT
k 1
k=Isentropic index of wet compression,
dw/dT = Evaporative rate kg/k,
L= Latent heat kJ/kg,
R=Gas constant of humid air kJ/kg k.
m
L dw
1 n
m 1 1 R dT 1 n 1
Where
m=polytropic index of actual wet compression process,
n=polytropic index of actual dry air compression
1.
2.
3.
Pressure ratio = 7
Dry work
KJ/kg
10.2
343.269
343.269
0.00015
11.5597 316.649
370.415
0.00035
11.5737 284.812
370.683
0.00075
11.6017 255.000
371.218
Fuel
Natural gas
Frequency
60 Hz
187.7 MW*
36.9 %
9251
9756 Btu/kWh
kJ/kWh
Turbine speed
3600 rpm
32:1
445 kg/s
612 C
< 25 vppm
Water
Injection Steam
water
pump
HRSG
Fuel
Combustor
Compressor
Intake Air
Turbine
Injection Steam
water
pump
HRSG
Fuel
Combustor
Water injection
Compressor
Inlet Duct
Turbine
Intake Air
cycle
Cycle
efficienc
y
%
Fuel
mass
flow
rate,
kg/sec
Steam
mass
flow
rate,
kg/sec
simple
11
151.13
31.28
11.04
WC
11
7.5e-4
232.75
35.35
15.04
STIG
11
215.65
39.63
12.43
54.49
SWC
11
7.5e-4
303.11
38.16
18.15
54.49
Future work
There are many areas and challenges which can be explored further to
this work. They are:
Economic feasibility of these cycles need to be studied.
Compressor life reduction due to water injection. (because of the off
design running conditions that prevail in reality).
The difficulties involved in designing a turbine to handle large mass
flow rates of combustion gasses and steam.
The effect of steam injection in reducing NOX emissions.
Turbine Exhaust
Reformed fuel
Q CV m in h V 2 gz
in
V
gz
out
out
W CV
No work transfer, no heat transfer, change in kinetic and potential energies are
negligible
in
Parameter
Flue Gas Recirculation
Simple Brayton
TCR Brayton
0%
70%
462 kg/s
135 kg/s
155.2MW
44.5MW
8.4kg/s
7.35kg/s
--
114MW
134.7MW
141.8MW
Efficiency
32.1%
38.6%
Steam generation
252kg/s
41kg/s
GDP
E
CO2
S
POP GDP
E
Where
POP : Population that demands and consume energy
GDP/POP: Per capita gross domestic product, reflecting standard of living.
E/GDP: Energy generated per gross domestic product, the energy
intensity.
CO2/E : Emission per unit energy generation, the carbon intensity
S: Natural and induced removal emission product from atmosphere into a
sink.
Carbon Sequesterizaton