GEOLOGI STRUKTUR

THE DYNAMIC EARTH

EVIDENCE OF DYNAMIC
EARTH
TOPOGRAPHY: Mountain
ranges, island arcs,
trenches
EARTHQUAKES : Major
faults
VOLCANISM: Ring of
fires (Circum Pacific
& Circum Mediterrane)

(Sapiie, 2006)

SOURCE OF EARTH STRESS FIELD

TECTONIC FORCES

(Sapiie, 2006)

WORLD STRESS MAP

GMI, 2001

(Sapiie, 2006)

Basic Concept of Deformation

Structural Geology : Study deformation of the rocks

Deformation = Changes in rocks caused by Force

Force = Stress ( )

Changes (Place, Length, Volume, Angle) = Strain ( )

STRESS TYPES

(Sapiie, 2006

Term for Stress and Strain

STRESS (s)

STRAIN (e)

Compression

Shortening (Contraction)

Tension

Lengthening (extension)

Level of Study in Structural Geology

Allmandinger (1986)

JENIS STRUKTUR GEOLOGI

3 jenis struktur fundamental :

Bidang Kontak, Stuktur Primer dan Struktur Sekunder

Bidang Kontak adalah batas antar jenis batuan, yang

mencerminkan suatu proses geologi. Bidang kontak = kontak

sedimentasi (normal), ketidakselarasan, kontak intrusi,
kontak tektonik berupa bidang sesar atau zona sesar

Struktur Primer adalah struktur dalam batuan yang

berkembang pada saat atau bersamaan dengan proses

pembentukannya. Pada umumnya struktur ini merefleksikan
kondisi lokal dari lingkungan pengendapan batuan
tersebut. Contohnya bidang perlapisan pada batuan sedimen
struktur sedimen seperti gradded-bedding, cross-bedding,
riple marks dan curent riples pada batupasir. Struktur
kekar kolom, ropy dan vesicular (gas vesicle) pada lava.
Catatan : Struktur primer dalam batuan sedimen akan mengikuti
hukum-hukum dasar sedimentologi, misalnya superposisi ndan
kesinambungan lateral.

TYPES OF STRUCTURES
CONTACTS PLANE
(stratigraphic & structural contacts)

PRIMARY STRUCTURES

SECONDARY STRUCTURES

PRIMARY STRUCTURES

SEDIMENTARY BEDDING

Geological Laws

GEOLOGIC LAWS
Geologic Laws
Superposition
Original Horizontality
Original Continuity
Uniformitarianism
Cross-cutting Relationship
Inclusions
Faunal Succession
Missing strata
Unconformity
Correlation

Law of Superposition
In an undisturbed rock sequence, the bottom
layer of rock is older than the layer above it, or
The younger strata at the top in an undisturbed
sequence of sedimentary rocks .

Law of Superposition

Undisturbed strat

Law of Superposition
Disturbed (deformed) strata

Law of original horizontality

Sedimentary rocks are laid down in
horizontal or nearly horizontal layers, or
Sedimentary strata are laid down nearly
horizontally and are essentially paralel to
the surface upon which they acummulate

Law of Original Continuity

The original continuity of water-laid
sedimentary strata is terminated only by
pincing out againts the basin of
deposition, at the time of their deposition

Law of Original Continuity

Grand Canyon, USA

Law of Original Continuity

Uniformitarianism

James Hutton (17261797) Scottish

geologist developed the
laws of geology
Uniformitarianism is a
cornerstone of geology
Considered the Father
of Modern Geology

Uniformitarianism
MODIFIED STATEMENT
The present is the key to the past"

The processes (plate tectonics, mountain

building, erosion) we see today are
believed to have been occurring since the
Earth was formed.

Law of Cross-cutting Relationship

The thing doing the cutting is younger
than the thing being cut.

Find out the cross-cutting

cross-cuttin
relationship!

Law of Inclusions
The included rock is older than the rock around it

1. State the principle of inclusions

2. In the above diagrams list the strata, their order of
occurrence from oldest to youngest
3. What is the nature of the contact A-A?
4. What is the nature of the contact B-B?

Law of Faunal Succession

Fossils occur in a definite, invariable
sequence in the geologic record.

Unconformity and Conformity

Unconformity

Gaps in the rock record caused by

weathering, erosion, and volcanic action.

Unconformity
Development of
angular unconformity

Unconformity

Sedimentary
rocks (2)

Sedimentary
rock (1)

Unconformity

Unconformity
Development of a disconformity
Deposition of Uplift, & erosion Subsidence &
rocks 1, 2, 3, & 4 of rocks 3, & 4
deposition
of rocks 6 & 7
Sea level

Disconformity

Unconformity
Disconformity

Sedimentary rocks
(2)

Sedimentary rocks
(1)

Unconformity
Development of a nonconformity
Deposition of Uplift, & erosion Subsidence &
rocks J & K.
of rocks J, K,
deposition
Intrusion or
& IM
of rocks P & Q
metamorphism
of rocks IM
Sea level

Nonconformit

Unconformity
Nonconformity
Sedimentary
rocks

Igneous rock

Unconformity

Correlation

The matching of rock

outcrops of one
region to those of
another region.
Geologists use
fossils, unique rocks,
or mineral features
to match the layers.

Correlation
Sequence of sedimentary
rock with complete record
of deposition

Sequence shows a break

in the record as indicated
by correlatable fossils

Disconformity

Dashed lines indicate

correlation of rock units
between the two areas

JENIS STRUKTUR GEOLOGI

Struktur Sekunder adalah struktur yang terbentuk
akibat gaya (force) setelah proses pembentukan
batuan, baik batuan beku, batuan sedimen maupun
batuan metamorf.

Struktur sekunder:

Fractures
Joint
Shear Fractures (Kekar gerus)
Slickenlines (Gores-garis)
Vein
Fault (Sesar)
Fold (Perlipatan)
Cleavage
Foliasi
Lineasi

SECONDARY STRUCTURES (tectonic structures

uncak Jaya Wijaya (Papua)

(Sapiie, 2006)

100 M

REGIONAL SCALE FOLDS

(Sapiie, 2006)

FRACTURES (JOINTS) AND VEINS

(Sapiie, 2006)

SYSTEMATIC FRACTURES

(Sapiie, 2006)

FAULTING

A
A

(Sapiie, 2006)

FAULTING
Stratigraphic Marker

A
A

(Sapiie, 2006)

(Modified from Hill, 2001)

FAULTING AND FOLDING

(Sapiie, 2006)

(Modified from Hill, 2001)

FAULT ZONE MATERIALS (in the shear zones)

(Sapiie, 2006)

FAULT ZONE PERMEABILITY

PERMEABLE?
OR
NON-PERMEABLE

(Sapiie, 2006)

FAULTING AND FLUID FLOW (indicated by veins in the fault zones)

(Sapiie, 2006)

Hill, 2001

2D AND 3D SEISMIC DATA

CORE AND IMAGE LOG DATA

(Sapiie, 2006)

STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY

Study of rock Deformation as Response to

Forces and Stresses
Involving Motion of Rigid Body
FACTOR CONTROLING DEFORMATION
RHEOLOGY
SCALE (Fractal Concepts)
TIME (Strain Rate)

RHEOLOGY (sifat mekanik batuan)

BRITTLE

DUCTILE

(Sapiie, 2006)

SCALE FACTOR

(Sapiie, 2006)

(Modified from Means, 1976)

1976

Scale Term
Global Scale of the entire world. 104 105 km
Regional or Provincial physiographic province or mountain range
Macroscopic or Map Scale coverage area 10 102 km2
Mesoscopic outcrop of hand sample scale. 10-5 10-1 km
Microscopic visible with an optical microscope 10-8 -10-6 km
Submicroscopic only resolvable using TEM, SEM etc, < 10-8 km

(Sapiie, 2006)

STRUCTURES INTERPRETATION

KINK AND DIP DOMAIN METHOD

DIP DOMAIN

KINK FOLD

(Sapiie, 2006)

SEISMIC INTERPRETATION USING DIP DOMAIN

(Sapiie, 2006)

Remote Sensing

(Sapiie, 2006)

Folds
Virgin Anticline,
Southern Utah

Folds
Folded Appalachians, near
Harrisburg, PA

NearHarrisburg,PA,Source:NASA

Folds
Syncline-Anticline
Pairs
+ Domes at Zagros
Mts, Iran

NASAEarthasArtwebpage

Folds
Grenville Dome: Sinclair, WY

STRUCTURAL MAPPING HELP FINDING OIL

Shingh (2003)

REFERENCES
Davis, G. H. and Reynolds, S. J., 1996, Structural Geology of
Rock and Regions, 2nd edition, John and Wiley and Sons, Inc.,
776 p.
Keary, P.,and Vine, F.J., 1990, Global Tectonics; Blackwell Sci.
Pub.
Lowell,J. D., 1985,, OGCI Publication, 480 p. Structural Styles in
Petroleum Exploration
Park, R. G., 1988, Geological Structures and Moving Plates,
Blackie, Glasgow and London, 337 p.
Suppe, J., 1985, Principles of Structural Geology, Prentice-Hall,
Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 537p.
Twiss, R. J. and Moores, E. M., 1992, Structural Geology, W. H.
Freeman and Company, New York, 532 p.
Twiss, R. J. and Moores, E. M., 1992, Tectonics, W. H. Freeman
and Company, New York, 532 p.

THANK YOU

SCOPE OF STRUCTURAL
ANALYSIS
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Preview
Techniques
Fractures
Faults
Normal Faults
Thrust Faults
Strike-Slip Faults
STRESS
Mechanics of frac & fault
(Theory & Exper.)
Mechanics of frac & fault
(Natural)
Folds
Kinematic models of Folds
Foliations & Lineations
Kinematic models of (13)
STRAIN
Strain & Kinematic models 0f
str.
Observ. of strain in deformed
rx
Mesoscopic aspects of rx
deform: Rheol & Exp.
Mesoscopic aspects of rx
deform: Mech & Fab.
Quantitative & scale models
0f rx deform
PRINCIPAL TECTONIC: Features
of the Earth
ANATOMY OF OROGENIC BELTS
Twiss and Moores (1992)

Uniformitarianism
Uniformitarianism is based on the
premise that:
the physical and chemical laws of
nature have remained the same
through time
present-day processes have operated
throughout geologic time
rates and intensities of geologic
processes, and their results may have
changed with time
To interpret geologic events from
evidence preserved in rocks
is a cornerstonepresent-day
of geology
Uniformitarianism
we must first understand

Correlation

Uniformitarianism
The concept (uniformitarianism), fundamental to
geology: Processes which operate at present
also operated in the past, and produces the
same results.
These processes need not have operated at the
same rate, nor at the same intensity.

Saying The present is the key to the

past, which is commonly offered as
a definition of uniformitarianisme,
is considerable oversimplification.
The degree of correlation between ancient and
modern processes decreases as the time
interval increases, e.g. in eras prior to the
emergence of land vegetation, weathering and
erosion must have been different in character
and intensity compared with today

Whitten, DGA and Brooks, JRV. 1977. The Penguin Dictionary of Geology.
Middlesex: Penguin Books. p. 466.

Law of Cross-cutting Relationship

How many cross-cutting relationships are there?

FRACTURES SPACING AND DENSITY

(Sapiie, 2006)