Peter Atkins Julio de Paula

Atkins Physical Chemistry

Eighth Edition

Chapter 1
The Properties of Gases

Copyright 2006 by Peter Atkins and Julio de Paula

Homework Set #1
Atkins & de Paula, 8e
Chap 1 Exercises: all part (b) unless
noted
1, 2, 4, 9,
10, 11, 13,
15, 17, 19, 21

Physical Characteristics of Gases

Gases assume the volume and shape of their containers.

Gases are the most compressible state of matter.

Gases will mix evenly and completely when confined to the

same container. (No solubility rules!)

Gases have much lower densities than liquids and solids.

Density of a gas given in g/L (vice g/mL for liquids)

NO2

The Perfect Gas

Each gas can be described by an equation of state:
P = f(T, V, n)

Pressure force / unit area

Fig 1.1

Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions

Heat - the transfer of thermal energy between two bodies that
are at different temperatures
Temperature - a measure of the thermal energy
Temperature = Thermal Energy
(intensive)

90 C
greater temperature

(extensive)

40 C
greater thermal energy

Fig 1.2 Temperature the

direction of thermal energy flow
through a thermally conducting
rigid wall

Thermal equilibrium no net heat flow between two objects

in contact through a diathermic boundary

Fig 1.3 Zeroth Law of

thermodynamics

Temperature Scales

Perfect gas temperature scale

K = C + 273.15

The Gas Laws

Pressure - Volume Relationship: Boyles Law
Temperature - Volume Relationship: Charless

and Gay-Lussacs Law

Volume - Amount Relationship: Avogadros Law

The Perfect (Ideal) Gas Law

Fig 1.4 Boyles Law

PV = constant
A limiting law

Fig 1.5 Charless Law

V = constant T
Another limiting law

Fig 1.6 Charless Law

Variation of volume with
temperature at constant P

Fig 1.7 Charless Law

Variation of pressure with
temperature at constant V

Perfect Gas Equation

1

Boyles law:

Charles law:

VT

(at constant n and P)

Avogadros law:

Vn

(at constant P and T)

(at constant n and T)

V nT
P
V = constant

nT
P

=R

nT
P

R is the gas constant

PV = nRT
What is the value of R?

PV = nRT
PV (1.000 atm)(22.41 4 L)
R

nT (1.000 mol)(273.1 5 K)
L atm
R 0.08206
mol K
The conditions 0 C and 1 atm are called
standard temperature and pressure (STP).
Experiments show that at STP,
1 mole of an ideal gas
occupies 22.414 L:

Comparison of Molar Volumes at STP

One mole of an ideal gas occupies 22.414 L @ STP
One mole of various real gases at STP occupy:

Fig 1.8 A region of a P-V-T surface of a perfect gas

Fig 1.8 Sections through P-V-T surface of a perfect gas

PV = nRT useful when P, V, n, and T do not change

Modify equation when P, V, and/or T change:
Initial state (1) of gas:
P1V1
R
n1T1

Combined Gas Law

Final state (2) of gas:

P1V1 P2 V2

n1T1 n2 T2

P2 V2
R
n2 T2

Eqn [1.12]

Gas Mixtures and Partial Pressures

V and T
are
constant

P1

P2
Daltons Law of Partial Pressures

Ptotal = P1 + P2

Consider a case in which two gases, A and B, are in a

container of volume V at a total pressure PT

nART
PA =
V

nA is the number of moles of A

nBRT
PB =
V

nB is the number of moles of B

PT = PA + PB
PA = XA PT

nA
XA =
nA + nB

nB
XB =
nA + nB

PB = XB PT

Pi = Xi PT

mole fraction (Xi) =

Daltons Law of Partial Pressures

ni
nT