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index card on your

way in

Welcome
to
Microbiolo
gy
BIOL 455
Fall 2015

Your instructor
Alina De La Mota-Peynado, Ph.D.
Office: 212 Ackert Hall
Phone: (785) 532-5719
e-mail address: alinam@ksu.edu
Office hours: Mondays/Wednesdays from 10:30 to 11:30;
3:00 4:00
Tuesdays and Thursdays from 1:00 4:00
Fridays by appointment

The set up of this course

0 Lecture
0 2 times a week 50 mins
0 Microbiology An Introduction 12th ed..
0 Companion website:
www.masteringmicrobiology.com

0 Laboratory
0 2 times a week for 2 hours each
0 Microbiology Laboratory Manual
(Hancock et. al.)

Lecture Attendance
Not mandatory but highly recommended.
KSOnline
Check it before class to get the lectures
outline, and to take the daily quiz. Quizzes will
be available for 24 hours after each class and no
exceptions will be created in any circumstance.
Academic Accommodations for Students
with Disabilities
Any student with a disability that needs a
classroom accommodation, access to technology
or other assistance in this course should contact
Disability Support Services and/or the instructor.
The office of Disability Support Services (DSS) is
located in Holton Hall 202. The Director, Andrea
Blair, can be contacted at 532-6441.

Exams and Course Grades

Lecture exams: There will be four lecture exams during the semester and
a final exam. The total possible points are:
Exam 1: 50 points
Exam 2: 50 points
Exam 3: 50 points
Daily quizzes: 50 points
In-class activities: 25 points (bonus)
Final exam: 50 points (classes covered after exam 3) and 10 points
comprehensive questions
Total: 250 points
Lab Exams: There will be three lab exams during the semester, and three
classes reports on cocci, enteric and general unknown.
Exam 1: 20 points
Exam 2: 20 points
Exam 3: 20 points
General Unknown: 30 points
Cocci report: 20 points
Enteric report: 20 points
Class participation and professionalism: 10 points
Total: 140 points

Exam Make-up Policy

If you know in advance you cannot attend the exam
on a specific day you can talk directly to me and we will
arrange an early exam.

One-minute question
0 Why are you taking this class? What is your

goal for the class this semester? (ex. Learn,

get a good grade, pass)

The
microbia
l
world an
d
y ou
Class 1
Chapter 1

Objectives for the day

1. Distinguish the biological entities studied by
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

microbiologists.
Recognize the system of scientific nomenclature.
Understand the three domain system.
State the importance of microorganisms to society.
Understand Leeuwenhoek, Pasteur, Tyndall, Lister, and
Kocks contribution to the science of microbiology.
Explain the theory of spontaneous generation.
State the germ theory of disease.
State some of the characteristics that make
microorganisms useful in research.

What Is Microbiology?
The study of microorganisms = organisms or
acellular biological entities to small to be seen
clearly by unaided eye.

These organisms are relatively simple in their

construction and lack highly differentiated cells and
distinct tissues

Microbes in Our Lives

A few are pathogenic (disease-causing)
Decompose organic waste
Are producers in the ecosystem by photosynthesis
Produce industrial chemicals such as ethanol

and acetone
Produce fermented foods such as vinegar, cheese,
and bread
Produce products used in manufacturing
(e.g., cellulase) and disease treatment (e.g.,
insulin)

Naming and Classifying

Microorganisms

0 Linnaeus established the system of scientific

nomenclature
0 Each organism has two names: the genus and

specific epithet
0 Scientific names:
0 Are italicized or underlined
0 The genus is capitalized; the specific epithet is

lowercase

0 Are Latinized and used worldwide

0 May be descriptive or honor a scientist

Escherichia coli
0Honors the discoverer, Theodor Escherich
0Describes the bacteriums habitatthe large

intestine, or colon.

Staphylococcus aureus
0Describes the clustered (staphylo-) spherical

(cocci) cells
0Describes the gold-colored (aureus) colonies

0 After the first use, scientific names may be

abbreviated with the first letter of the genus

and the specific epithet:
0 Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus are

found in the human body. E. coli is found in the

large intestine, and S. aureus is on skin.

Types of Microorganisms
0 Bacteria
0 Archaea
0 Fungi
0 Protozoa
0 Algae
0 Viruses
0 Multicellular animal parasites

These groups can also be organized regarding their

structure
Prokaryot
es
Cells lack a true membranedelimited nucleus
Bacteria

Archaea

Eukaryot
es
Have a membrane-enclosed
nucleus, are more complex
morphologically, and are
usually larger than
prokaryotic cells

Viruses
Smallest of all
microbes; requires
host cell to replicate;
cause range of
diseases, some

Algae

Protists

Fungi

Classification of
Microorganisms
0 Three domains
0 Bacteria
0 Archaea
0 Eukarya
0 Protists
0 Fungi
0 Plants
0 Animals

Eukarya
Bacteria

Origin of chloroplasts

Mitochondria

Amebae
Slime molds

Cyanobacteria
Proteobacteria

Animals

Fungi

Origin of mitochondria

Chloroplasts

Archaea
Methanogens

Plants

Extreme
halophiles

Ciliates

Green
algae

Dinoflagellates
Diatoms

Hyperthermophiles
Gram-positive
bacteria

Euglenozoa

Thermotoga

Horizontal gene transfer

occurred within the
community of early cells.

Giardia

Mitochondrion degenerates
Nucleoplasm grows larger

Three domain system is based on ribosomal RNA

sequences.

19

The First Observations

0 1665: Robert Hooke reported that living

things are composed of little boxes, or cells

0 1858: Rudolf Virchow said cells arise from
preexisting cells
0 Cell theory: All living things are composed
of cells and come from preexisting cells

Microbiology and Its Origins

0 Antony van Leeuwenhoek

(1632-1723)
0 first person to observe and

describe microorganisms
accurately

How do this small things appear?

Why do people get sick?

Lens
Location of specimen
on pin
Specimen-positioning
screw
Focusing control

Stage-positioning screw

The Debate over Spontaneous

Generation
0 Spontaneous generation: the hypothesis that

living organisms arise from nonliving matter; a vital

force forms life

Evidence Pro and Con

0 1668: Francesco Redi filled 6 jars with decaying meat

Conditions

Results

Three jars covered with fine net

No maggots

Three open jars

Maggots appeared

From where did the maggots come?

What was the purpose of the sealed jars?
Spontaneous generation or biogenesis?

Evidence Pro and Con

0 1745: John Needham put boiled nutrient broth into

covered flasks
Conditions

Results

Nutrient broth heated, then placed Microbial growth

in sealed flask
From where did the microbes come?
Spontaneous generation or biogenesis?

Evidence Pro and Con

0 1765: Lazzaro Spallanzani boiled nutrient solutions in

flasks
Conditions

Results

Nutrient broth placed in flask,

heated, then sealed

No microbial growth

Spontaneous generation or biogenesis?

Biogenesis
0 The hypothesis that living organisms arise

from preexisting life

0 1858 Rudolph Virchow
0 Had no scientific proof

26

Evidence Pro and Con

0 1861: Louis Pasteur demonstrated that

microorganisms are present in the air

Conditions

Results

Nutrient broth placed in flask,

heated, NOT sealed

Microbial growth

Nutrient broth placed in flask,

heated, then sealed

No microbial growth

Spontaneous generation or biogenesis?

Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)

The experiment
placed nutrient solution in flasks
created flasks with long, curved necks
boiled the solutions
left flasks exposed to air

The results: no growth of

microorganisms

Final Blow to Theory of Spontaneous

Generation
0 John Tyndall (1820-1893)
0 demonstrated that dust carries

microorganisms
0 if dust was absent, nutrient broths
remained sterile, even if directly exposed
to air
0 also provided evidence for the existence
of exceptionally heat-resistant forms of
bacteria.

0 Ferdinand Cohn (1828-1898)

0 heat resistant bacteria could produce

endospores

The Role of Microorganisms in

Disease

Was not immediately obvious

Infectious disease believed to be due to supernatural forces
Establishing connection depended on development of

techniques for studying microbes.

The Germ Theory of Disease

Was first stated on the late 19th century.
Some diseases are caused by microorganisms when
they grow and reproduce within their hosts.
"Germ" may refer to a virus, bacterium, protist,
fungus, or prion.
Microorganisms that cause disease are called
pathogens, and the diseases they cause are called
infectious diseases.

The Golden Age of Microbiology

0 Louis Pasteur
0 demonstrated microorganisms carried out

fermentation
0 showed that the pbrine disease of silkworms
was caused by a protozoan

0 Joseph Lister
0 provided indirect evidence that microorganisms

were the causal agents of disease

0 developed a system of antiseptic surgery as well
as methods for treating instruments and surgical
dressings

0 Robert Koch (1843-1910)

0 established the relationship between Bacillus

anthracis and anthrax

0 establish the Kochs postulates
still used today to link a particular microorganism

and a particular disease.

The Development of Methods and Techniques

for Studying Microbial Pathogens
0 Kochs work led to discovery or development of:
0
0
0
0

agar
petri dish
nutrient broth and nutrient agar
methods for isolating microorganisms

Charles Chamberland (1851-1908) - developed porcelain

bacterial filters

Pasteur and co-workers

discovered that incubation of cultures for long intervals
between transfers caused pathogens to lose their ability to
cause disease
developed vaccines for anthrax, and rabies.

Fermentation and
Pasteurization
Pasteur showed that microbes are responsible for

fermentation
Fermentation is the conversion of sugar to
alcohol to make beer and wine
Microbial growth is also responsible for spoilage of
food
Bacteria that use alcohol and produce acetic acid
spoil wine by turning it to vinegar (acetic acid)
0 Pasteur demonstrated that these spoilage bacteria
could be killed by heat that was not hot enough to
evaporate the alcohol in wine
0 Pasteurization is the application of a high heat for
a short time

The Germ Theory of

Disease

0 1835: Agostino Bassi showed that a silkworm

disease was caused by a fungus

0 1865: Pasteur believed that another silkworm
disease was caused by a protozoan
0 1840s: Ignaz Semmelweis advocated
handwashing to prevent transmission of
puerperal fever from one obstetrical patient
to another

The Germ Theory of

Disease
0 1860s: Applying Pasteurs work showing

microbes are in the air, can spoil food, and

cause animal diseases, Joseph Lister used a
chemical disinfectant to prevent surgical
wound infections

The Germ Theory of

Disease
0 1876: Robert Koch proved that a bacterium

causes anthrax and provided the

experimental steps, Kochs postulates, to
prove that a specific microbe causes a
specific disease

Vaccination
0 1796: Edward Jenner inoculated a person with

cowpox virus, who was then protected from

smallpox
0 Vaccination is derived from vacca, for cow
0 The protection is called immunity

Modern Developments in
Microbiology
0 Bacteriology is the study of bacteria
0 Mycology is the study of fungi
0 Virology is the study of viruses
0 Parasitology is the study of protozoa and parasitic worms
0 Immunology is the study of immunity
0 Vaccines and interferons are being investigated to prevent

and cure viral diseases

0 The use of immunology to identify some bacteria according

to serotypes was proposed by Rebecca Lancefield in 1933

The Importance of Microorganisms

0Most populous and diverse group of organisms;
0Found everywhere on the planet;
0Play a major role in recycling essential
elements;
0Source of nutrients and some carry out
photosynthesis;
0Benefit society by their production of food,
beverages, antibiotics, and vitamins;
0Some cause disease in plants and animals.

Major Fields in Microbiology

Medical microbiology diseases of humans and animals
Public health microbiology control and spread of communicable
diseases

Immunology how the immune system protects a host from

pathogens

Microbial ecology is concerned with the relationship of organisms

with their environment

less than 1% of earths microbial population has been cultured

Agricultural microbiology is concerned with the impact of

microorganisms on agriculture
food safety microbiology
animal and plant pathogens

Industrial microbiology fermentation, antibiotic production, production

of cheese, bread, etc.

Microbial physiology studies metabolic pathways of microorganisms

Microbial Ecology
0 Bacteria recycle carbon, nutrients, sulfur, and

phosphorus that can be used by plants and

animals

Bioremediation
0 Bacteria degrade organic matter in sewage
0 Bacteria degrade or detoxify pollutants such

as oil and mercury

Biological Insecticides
0 Microbes that are pathogenic to insects are

alternatives to chemical pesticides in

preventing insect damage to agricultural
crops and disease transmission
0 Bacillus thuringiensis infections are fatal in
many insects but harmless to other animals,
including humans, and to plants

Microorganisms are especially useful

in research
1.Have relatively simple structures;
2.Large numbers of microbes can be

used in an experiment to obtain

statistically reliable results at a
reasonable cost;
3.Reproduce quickly so they are

useful for studies involving

transfer of genetic information.

Two important things were required for the

science of microbiology to evolve:
- a method for culturing microorganisms,
and
- a sophisticated microscope.

Biotechnology
0 Biotechnology, the use of microbes to produce

foods and chemicals, is centuries old

Figure 28.8 Making cheddar cheese.

The milk has been coagulated by the

action of rennin (forming curd) and is
inoculated with ripening bacteria for
flavor and acidity. Here the workers are
cutting the curd into slabs.

The curd is chopped into small cubes to

facilitate efficient draining of whey.

The curd is milled to allow even more

drainage of whey and is compressed into
blocks for extended ripening. The longer the
ripening, the more acidic (sharper) the
cheese.

Biotechnology
0 Recombinant DNA technology, a new

technique for biotechnology, enables bacteria

and fungi to produce a variety of proteins,
including vaccines and enzymes
0 Missing or defective genes in human cells can

be replaced in gene therapy

0 Genetically modified bacteria are used to
protect crops from insects and from freezing