GENETic of BAcTERIa

Structure and Function

of Genetic Material
DNA & RNA
DNA=deoxyribonucleic acid
RNA=ribonucleic acid
Basic building blocks:
Nucleotides
Phosphate group
Pentose sugar
Nitrogenous base 2 purin, 2
pirimidin

Structure of DNA

Double stranded (double helix)

Chains of nucleotides
5 to 3 (strands are anti-parallel)
Complimentary base pairing
A-T
G-C
GENE : a DNA sequence that encodes for a
specific product (RNA or protein)
size number of base pairs

DNA Structure
Phosphate
-P
Sugar-blue
BasesATGC

DNA Replication
Bacteria have closed, circular DNA
Genome: genetic material in an
organism
Semi conservation
E. coli
4 million base pairs
1 mm long (over 1000 times larger that
actual bacterial cell)
DNA takes up around 10% of cell volume

DNA Replication-occurs
at the replication fork
5 to 3
DNA helicase-unzips + parental DNA strand that
is used as a template
Leading stand (5 to 3-continuous)
* DNA gyrase open DNA strand
* DNA polymerase-joins growing DNA strand after
nucleotides are aligned (complimentary)
Lagging strand (5 to 3-not continuous)
* RNA polymerase (makes short RNA primer)
* DNA polymerase (extends RNA primer then digests RNA
primer and replaces it with DNA)
* DNA ligase (seals Okazaki fragments-the newly formed DNA
fragments)

Replication

Replication Fork

Protein Synthesis
DNA------- mRNA------ protein
transcription

translation

Central Dogma
of Molecular Genetics

From DNA to Protein

Transcription
One strand of DNA used as a template to
make a complimentary strand of mRNA
Promoter/RNA polymerase/termination
site/5 to 3
Ways in which RNA & DNA differ:
RNA is ss
RNA sugar is ribose
Base pairing-A-U

Transcription

Types of RNA
Three types:
mRNA: messenger RNA
Contains 3 bases ( codon)

rRNA: ribosomal RNA

Comprises the 70 S ribosome

tRNA: transfer RNA

Transfers amino acids to ribosomes for protein
synthesis
Contains the anticodon (3 base sequence that is
complimentary to codon on mRNA)

Genetic Code
DNA: triplet code
mRNA: codon (complimentary to
triplet code of DNA)
tRNA: anticodon (complimentary to
codon)

Genetic Code
Codons: code for the production of a
specific amino acid
20 amino acids
3 base code
Degenerative: more than 1 codon
codes for an amino acid
Universal: in all living organisms

Genetic Code

Translation
Three parts:
Initiation-start codon (AUG)
Elongation-ribosome moves along mRNA
Termination: stop codon reached/polypeptide
released and new protein forms

rRNA=subunits that form the 70 S

ribosomes (protein synthesis occurs here)
tRNA=transfers amino acids to ribosomes
for protein synthesis)

Gene Exchange & genetic

diversity
3 basic mechanism:
Mutation:
A change in the original nukleotida
sequence of a gene or genes within an
organisms genome
change the organisms genotype
Recombination
combination of gene within chromosome
Some segment of DNA that originated from
one bacterial cell enters a second bacterial
cell and it exchanged with a DNA segment
of the recipients genome

 gene exchange
with or without recombination

Mutation
1. Spontaneously an eror made
during
DNA replication
2.

Caused by MUTAGENS

Mutagens:
- Chemical , physical or biologic
factors
- e.g. uv, sinar x, acridine orange,
nitosoguanidine, 5-bromouracil,

Gene Exchange

Changed genetic material

3 mechanism:
1. Transformation
2. Transduction
3. Conjugation

Transfection: transformation with DNA

donor

origin from bacteriophage

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Transformasi
Syarat sel bakteri dapat mengalami
transformasi bersifat kompeten
Contoh bakteri yang dapat
mengalami transformasi:
S. pneumoniae
H. influenzae
Beberapa spesies Bacillus

Transformasi

Transduksi
Transfer gen dengan perantaraan
Bakteriofaga sbg pembawa DNA
donor
Bakteriofaga Transducing phage
Umum terjadi pada:
Staphylococcus
Salmonella

Transduksi

Konjugasi
Transfer gen antar bakteri
memerlukan kontak langsung
Pili sex berperan bakteri
mempunyai plasmid F (bakteri F+)
Materi yang di transfer:
Plasmid
Bagian dari gen DNA sel donor

Konjugas
i

Animasi konjugasi

Here is a real picture of congugation

Materi Genetik Ekstrakromosom

Plasmid:
DNA rantai ganda, umumnya berbentuk
lingkaran
Replikasi independen
Sebagai pembawa sifat, e.g. resistensi
terhadap antibiotik, produksi toksin

Transposon:
Rantai DNA pendek dp menyisipkan diri
pada kromosom mutasi
Tdk mampu bereplikasi

Plasmid

Macam-macam Plasmid
Plasmid konjugatif
Ditransfer dengan cara konjugasi
F plasmid
Plasmid non-konjugatif
Ditransfer dengan cara transduksi atau
transformasi
R plasmid
Pembawa sifat resistensi terhadap antibiotik
Ent-plasmidEnt plasmids of enterotoxigenic
Escherichia coli that encode heat-stable
enterotoxin
Vir-plasmid virulence plasmid
Bacteriocinogenic Plasmid A bacterial
plasmid that controls the synthesis of
bacteriocin.

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