SKIN AND BODY

MEMBRANES

BODY MEMBRANES
Cover surfaces, line body cavities, and
form protective sheets around organs.
Groups:
Epithelial Membranes
Connective Membranes

EPITHELIAL MEMBRANES
Also called covering and lining
membranes.
Includes cutaneous, mucous, and
serous membranes.

CUTANEOUS MEMBRANE
The skin
Composed of keratinizing stratified
squamous epithelium.
Exposed to air and is a dry
membrane.

MUCOUS MEMBRANE
Composed of epithelium resting on a
loose connective tissue membrane.
Lines all the body cavities that open to
the exterior.
Contains stratified squamous epithelium
or simple columnar epithelium.
Adapted for absorption and secretion.

SEROUS MEMBRANE
Composed of simple squamous
epithelium resting on areolar
connective tissue.
Lines the body cavities that closed to
the exterior.
Secretes serous fluid.

CONNECTIVE TISSUE
MEMBRANES
Synovial membranes.

SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE
Composed of soft areolar connective
tissue and contains no epithelial cells.
Lines the fibrous capsules
surrounding joints, where they provide
a smooth surface and secrete a
lubricating fluid.

THE
INTEGUMENTARY
SYSTEM (SKIN)

FUNCTIONS OF THE
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
Protects deeper tissues from:
Mechanical damage (bumps)
Chemical damage (acids and bases)
Bacterial damage
Ultraviolet radiation
Thermal damage
Desiccation

FUNCTIONS OF THE
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
Aids in body heat loss or heat
retention
Aids in secretion of urea and uric acid
Synthesizes Vitamin D

EPIDERMIS

SWEAT GLANDS
(ECCRINE GLANDS

DERMIS

HAIR FOLLICLE
SEBACEOUS
GLAND
HAIR ROOT

HYPODERMIS

EPIDERMIS
Made up of stratified squamous
epithelium that is capable of
keratinizing or becoming hard and
tough.

STRATUM CORNEUM
Composed of dead cells.

STRATUM GRANULOSUM
Cells are flattened, organelles are
deteriorating.

STRATUM SPINOSUM
Made up of pre-keratin

STRATUM LUCIDUM
Occurs when the skin is hairless and
extra thick

STRATUM BASALE
Cells are actively dividing.

DERMIS
Made up of dense connective tissue.

HYPODERMIS
Made up of adipose tissue.
Anchors the skin to underlying
organs.
Provides a site for nutrient storage.

SKIN COLOR
Three factors that contributes to skin
color:
Melanin- yellow, reddish brown, or black
Carotene- orange-yellow pigment
Oxygen-rich Hemoglobin- pigment in
red blood cells.

EMOTIONS ALSO INFLUENCE

SKIN COLOR
Redness or Erythema
Reddened skin may indicate
embarrassment, fever, hypertension,
inflammation or allergy.

Pallor or Blanching (pale skin color)

Due to stress, anemia, low blood pressure,
impaired blood flow.

EMOTIONS ALSO INFLUENCE

SKIN COLOR
Jaundice
Yellow cast. Signifies a liver disorder.

Bruises or black-and-blue marks

Sites where blood has escaped from
the circulation.

APPENDAGES OF
THE SKIN

SEBACEOUS (OIL) GLANDS

Releases the product sebum which is
a mixture of oily substances and
fragmented cells

SWEAT GLANDS
Two types: eccrine and apocrine glands
ECCRINE
Produces sweat, a clear secretion that is
primarily water plus some salts, vitamin C,
traces of metabolic wastes, and lactic acid.
APOCRINE
Found in armpits and genital areas.
Secretion contains fatty acids and proteins.

HAIR
Guarding the head against bumps
Shielding the eyes
Helping to keep foreign particles out
of the respiratory tract
Providing insulation in cold weather.

NAILS
Scalelike modification of the
epidermis that corresponds to the hoof
or claw of other animals.

BURNS
Tissue damage and cell death caused
by intense heat, electricity, ultraviolet
radiation, or certain chemical which
denature proteins and cause cell death
in the affected areas.

FIRST-DEGREE BURNS
Only the epidermis is damaged
Not usually serious and generally
heal in two to three days without
special attention
Example: sunburn

SECOND-DEGREE BURN
Injury to the epidermis and the upper
region of the epidermis.
Skin is red and painful, and blisters
appear
No permanent scars result if care is
taken to prevent infection

THIRD-DEGREE BURN
Destroys the entire thickness of the
skin.
Burned areas appear blanched (graywhite) or blackened.
Regeneration is not possible.

Burns are critical if any of the following

conditions exist:
Over 25% of the body has 2nd degree burns
Over 10% of the body has 3rd degree burns
There are 3rd degree burns of the face,
hands, or feet.

INFECTIONS AND
ALLERGIES

ATHLETES FOOT
An itchy, red, peeling condition of the
skin between the toes, resulting from
fungus infection.

BOILS AND CARBUNCLES

Inflammation of hair follicles and
sebaceous glands.
Caused by bacterial infection.

COLD SORES
Small fluid-filled blisters that itch and
sting, caused by a herpes simplex
infection.
Occurs around the lips and in the oral
mucosa of the mouth.

CONTACT DERMATITIS
Itching, redness, and swelling of the
skin, progressing to blistering.
Caused by exposure of the skin to
chemicals that provoke allergic
responses.

IMPETIGO
Pink, water-filled, raised lesion that
develop a yellow crust and eventually
rupture.
Caused by Staphylococcus infection.

PSORIASIS
Over production of skin cells that
results in reddened epidermal lesions
covered with dry, silvery scales that
itch, burn, crack, and sometimes
bleed.