Genetic

Engineering

WHAT IS A GENE ?
A Gene is a fundamental,
physical and functional unit of
heredity.
It is responsible for the physical
and inheritable characteristics
of an organism.

DEFINITION:
Genetic Engineering
is
manipulation/alterati
on of structure of a
gene to create a
desired
characteristic in an
organism.

Genetic
Engineering:
If genetic material from another species
is added to the host, the resulting
organism is called transgenic.
Genetic engineering can also be used to
remove genetic material from the target
organism, creating a knock out
organism.

History:
The term Genetic Engineering" was first coined by
Jack Williamson in his science fiction novel.
James Watson and Francis Crick showed that the
DNA molecule has a double-helix structure.
In 1972, Paul berg created the first recombinant DNA
molecules by combining DNA from the monkey virus
SV40 with that of the lambda virus.

History:
In 1973 Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen created
the first transgenic organism by inserting antibiotic
resistance genes into the plasmid of an
E.coli bacterium.
The first trials of genetically engineered plants
occurred in France and the USA in 1986, tobacco
plants were engineered to be resistant to
herbicides.

Transgenic
Plants:

The Flavr Savr tomato was a

tomato engineered to have a
longer shelf life.

In 1995, Bt Potato was

approved safe by the
Environmental Protection
Agency.

Bt-Cotton is a genetically
modified cotton which is
resistant to pests.

Golden Rice genetically

modified to contain
beta-carotene
(a source of
Vitamin A).

Transgenic fruit
obtained from pear
and apple.

A Blue Rose is a
genetically
modified Rose.

TRANSGENIC
ANIMALS:

Its a miracle of
genetic engineering.
You can see through
the skin how organs
grow, how cancer
starts and
develops without
dissecting the Frog.

The GloFish was the first

genetically modified
animal to become
available as a pet. It is a
natural Zebrafish which
has genetic information
from bioluminescent
jellyfish added to its
DNA.

Using Modern DNA

and cross
fertilization
techniques; the
Dolion is a cross
between a lion
and a dog.

Dolly: The Sheep

Dolly the sheep is the

worlds most famous
clone.
Dolly was born 5 July
1996 to three mothers
(one provided the egg,
another the DNA and a
third carried the cloned
embryo to term).

The Zorse is a cross

between azebraand
a domestic horse.
The crosses were
originally done in
England and Africa
to try to produce
adomestic horse like
animalthat was
resistant to diseases
spread by a fly in
Africa.

Process:

BASIC STEPS OF
GENETIC
MODIFICATION:

1. Isolating a gene to be inserted

2. Inserting the gene in a Vector(Agent used
to carry foreign gene)

3. Inserting Vector into the host.

4. Multiplication of host cells by cloning.
5. Extraction of desired product.

Benefits of Genetic
Engineering:

MEDICINE:
Vaccination generally involves
injecting weak live, killed or
inactivated forms of viruses or
their toxins into the person being
immunized.
Gene therapy is the genetic
engineering of humans by
replacing defective human genes
with functional copies.

Agriculture:

.
Benefits of genetically
modified plants:
1. Improved nutritional quality.
2. Better Nitrogen Fixation.
3. Disease resistant Plant.
4. Enhanced efficiency of minerals used
by plants to prevent early exhaustion
of fertility of soil.
5. Reduced post harvest losses.

Thank You!!