SEMINAR

PRESENTATION
ON

THE EFFICIENT USE OF OUTRIGGER AND BELT TRUSS

IN TALL BUILDINGS
Submitted to

MALAVIYA NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, JAIPUR

In partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of Degree of
MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
Under the supervision of:
Dr. Ravindra Nagar
Professor ( Structural Engg. Deptt .)
MNIT Jaipur

Submitted By:
Neeraj Agrawal
M.Tech.( Structural Engineering)
Student ID: 2010/PST/126

DEPARTMENT OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING,

MALAVIYA NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY JAIPUR,
JAIPUR-302017

INTRODUCTION

The outrigger and belt

truss system is one of
the
lateral
loads
resisting
system
in
which
the
external
columns are tied to the
central core wall with
very stiff outriggers and
belt truss at one or
more levels.

Tall building with conventional

outriggers and belt truss
Taken from S. Fawzia and T. Fatima

 The belt truss tied the peripheral column of

building while the outriggers engage them
with main or central shear wall.

Strandard 3D view of Outrigger and belt

truss
Taken from S. Fawzia and T. Fatima

 The aim of this method is to reduce

obstructed space compared to the
conventional method.
The floor space is usually free of columns
and is
between the core and the external columns,
thus increasing the functional efficiency of
the building.
Exterior columns restrained the core wall

Outrigger and belt trusses, connect planar

vertical trusses and exterior frame columns.
Outrigger system can lead to very
efficient use of structural materials by
mobilizing the axial strength and stiffness
of exterior columns.

THE CONCEPT OF OUTRIGGER

The great sailing ships of the past and
present use outriggers to help resist the
wind forces in their sails. Like the ship, the
core in the tall building can be related to
the mast of the ship, the outrigger acting
like

the

spreaders

and

the

exterior

columns like the stays or shroud of the

ship.

THE USE OF OUTRIGGERS IN HIGH-RISE

BUILDINGS TO CONTROL THE FORCES
The incorporation of an outrigger which
connects the two elements together provides a
stiffer component which act together to resist
the overturning forces.
When an outrigger-braced building deflects
under wind or seismic load, the outrigger
which connects to the core wall and the
exterior columns, makes the whole system to
act as a unit in resisting the lateral load.

TYPES OF OUTRIGGER TRUSS

SYSTEM
On the basis of connectivity of core to
exterior columns, this system may be
divided as in two types :
1. CONVENTIONAL OUTRIGGER CONCEPT
2. VIRTUAL OUTRIGGER CONCEPT

CONVENTIONAL OUTRIGGER CONCEPT

In the conventional
outrigger concept, the
outrigger trusses or
girders are connected
directly to shear walls
or braced frames at
the
core
and
to
columns
located
outboard of the core.
Typically
(but
not
necessarily),
theTall building with conventional outriggers
columns are at the Taken from R. SHANKAR NAIR

VIRTUAL OUTRIGGER CONCEPT

In the virtual outrigger concept, the same
transfer
of overturning moment from the core to
elements
outboard of the core is achieved, but without
a
direct connection between the outrigger
trusses and
the core.
The basic idea behind the virtual outrigger

BELT TRUSSES AS VIRTUAL OUTRIGGERS

The use of belt trusses
as virtual outriggers
avoids many of the
problems
associated
with
the
use
of
conventional outriggers.
The principle is the
same as when belt
trusses are used as
virtual outriggers. Some
fraction of the moment
in the core is converted
into a horizontal couple

Tall building with belt trusses

as virtual outriggers
Taken from R. SHANKAR NAIR

ADVANTAGES OF USE OF BELT TRUSSES AS

VIRTUAL OUTRIGGERS
1. There are no truss diagonals extending from
the core to the exterior of the building.
2. The need to locate outrigger columns where
they can
be conveniently engaged by
trusses extending from
the core is
eliminated.
3. The complicated truss-to-core connection is
eliminated.

4. Differential shortening or settlement

between the core and the outboard columns
does not affect the virtual outrigger system
since the floor diaphragms, though stiff in
their own plane, are very flexible in the
vertical, out-of-plane direction.

Taken from R. SHANKAR NAIR

FACTORS AFFECTING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF

OUTRIGGER SYSTEM
1. The stiffness and location of the outrigger
truss system.
2. The stiffness and location of the Belt truss
system.
3. Geometry of the tall building.
4. Stiffness of the central core.
5. Floor-to-floor height of the tall building.

Advantages of using Outrigger & Belt truss

system
1. There are no trusses in the space
between the core and the building
exterior.
2. There are fewer constraints on the
location of exterior columns. The need to
locate large exterior columns where they
can be directly engaged by outrigger trusses
extending from the core is eliminated.

3. All exterior columns (not just certain

designated outrigger columns) participate in
resisting overturning moment.
4. The difficult connection of the outrigger
trusses to the core is eliminated.
5. Core overturning moments can be reduced
through the reverse moment applied to the
core at each outrigger connection.

6. Exterior framing can consist of simple beam

and column framing without the need for rigidframe-type connection, thus reducing the
overall cost.
7. Reduction or elimination of uplift and net
tension forces without the column and
foundation system.

EXAMPLE
S

PLAZA RAKYAT TOWER

The 77-story Plaza Rakyat

office
tower
in
Kuala
Lumpur, Malaysia, uses a
concrete shear core, a
concrete perimeter frame,
exterior concrete belt walls
at two levels, and a
conventional
outrigger
system at the roof as the
buildings
lateral
loadresisting system

JIN MAO TOWER

The 88-story Jin Mao Office, Hotel,

observation, retail tower is in
Shanghai, China. The tower is built
around an octagon-shaped concrete
shear wall core surrounded by 8
exterior composite super columns
and 8 exterior steel columns. Three
sets of 8 two-story high outrigger
trusses connect the columns to the
core at six of the floors to provide
additional support

TAIPEI 101

The 101-story TAIPEI-101 Office,

Hotel, observation, retail tower is in
Shanghai, China. The design achieves
both strength and flexibility for the
tower through the use of highperformance
steel
construction.
Thirty-six columns support Taipei 101,
including
eight
"mega-columns"
packed with 10,000psi (69MPa)
concrete. Every eight floors, outrigger
trusses connect the columns in the
building's core to those on the
exterior.

CHIFLEY TOWER

The 42-story Chifley Tower Office,

financial institutions, law firms and
corporations tower is in Sydney,
Australia.

CONCLUSTIONS ON TALL BUILDINGS USING

OUTRIGGER & BELT TRUSS
1. There are no trusses in the space
between the core and the building
exterior.
2. There are fewer constraints on the
location of exterior columns. The need to
locate large exterior columns where they
can be directly engaged by outrigger trusses
extending from the core is eliminated.

3. All exterior columns (not just certain

designated
outrigger columns) participate in resisting
overturning moment.
4. The difficult connection of the outrigger
trusses
to the core is eliminated.
5. Complications caused by differential
shortening
of the core and the outrigger columns are

REFERENCES
1. B.S. Taranath, Structural Analysis &
Design of Tall Buildings. New York, Mc
Graw Hill, 1998.
2. R. S. Nair, Belt Trusses and Basements
as
Virtual Outriggers for Tall Buildings.
Engineering Journal / Fourth Quarter/
1998.
3.
Stafford Smith, B., Cruvellier, M., Nollet,
M-J.,
and Mahyari, A. T., Offset Outrigger
Concept for Tall Buildings,

4. P.S. Kian and F.T.Siahaan, The use of

outrigger
and belt truss system for high-rise
concrete
buildings. Dimensi Teknit Sipil, Volume 3,
No1,
5. Smith, B. S., Coull, A. Tall Building
Maret 2001, Page 36-41,ISSN1410-9530.
Structures: Analysis and Design. John
Wiley and Sons, Inc, New York.
6. S. Fawzia and T. Fatima, Deflection
Control in
Composite Building by Using Belt Truss
and

THANKS