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JOHN S. LOUCKS
St. Edwards University
Chapter 7
Sampling and Sampling Distributions
Statistical Inference
Finite Population
A simple random sample from a finite
population of size N is a sample selected
such that each possible sample of size n has
the same probability of being selected.
Replacing each sampled element before
selecting subsequent elements is called
sampling with replacement.
Sampling without replacement is the
procedure used most often.
In large sampling projects, computergenerated random numbers are often used
to automate the sample selection process.
4
Infinite Population
A simple random sample from an infinite
population is a sample selected such that
the following conditions are satisfied.
Each element selected comes from the
same population.
Each element is selected independently.
The population is usually considered infinite
if it involves an ongoing process that makes
listing or counting every element
impossible.
The random number selection procedure
cannot be used for infinite populations.
5
Point Estimation
Sampling Error
900
990
(x
)2
900
80
648
.72
900
10
12
Sample Data
Random
No. Number
Applicant
SAT Score
On-Campus
1
744
Connie Reyman 1025
Yes
2
436 William Fox
950
Yes
3
865 Fabian Avante
1090
No
4
790 Eric Paxton
1120
Yes
5
835 Winona Wheeler
1015
No
.
.
.
.
.
30
685 Kevin Cossack
965
No
13
14
Formula Worksheet
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Applicant
Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
SAT
Score
1008
1025
952
1090
1127
1015
965
1161
On-Campus
Housing
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
D
Random
Number
=RAND()
=RAND()
=RAND()
=RAND()
=RAND()
=RAND()
=RAND()
=RAND()
Value Worksheet
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Applicant
Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
SAT
Score
1008
1025
952
1090
1127
1015
965
1161
On-Campus
Housing
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
Random
Number
0.41327
0.79514
0.66237
0.00234
0.71205
0.18037
0.71607
0.90512
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Applicant
Number
12
773
408
58
116
185
510
394
SAT
Score
1107
1043
991
1008
1127
982
1163
1008
On-Campus
Housing
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Random
Number
0.00027
0.00192
0.00303
0.00481
0.00538
0.00583
0.00649
0.00667
Point Estimates
x as Point Estimator of
x
29,910
997
30
30
s as Point Estimator of
s
2
(
x
x
)
i
29
163,996
75.2
29
as Point Estimator of p
p 20 30 .68
The value of
isx used to
make inferences about
the value of .
19
Sampling Distribution of x
x of
The sampling distribution
is the
probability distribution of all possible values of
the sample
x
mean .
x
Expected Value of
x
E( ) =
where:
= the population mean
20
Standard Deviationx of
Finite Population
N n
x ( )
n N 1
Infinite Population
x
n
21
x
Sampling Distribution of
22
Sampling Distributionx of
80
x
14.6
n
30
E ( x ) 990
23
Sampling Distributionx of
for the SAT Scores
What is the probability that a simple
random sample of 30 applicants will provide
an estimate of the population mean SAT score
that is within plus or minus 10 of the actual
population mean ?
x
In other words, what is the probability that
will be between 980 and 1000?
24
Sampling Distributionx of
Area = .2518
Area = .2518
x
980 9901000
Using the standard normal probability table
with
z = 10/14.6= .68, we have area = (.2518)(2) =
.5036
25
p of
The sampling distribution
is the
probability distribution of all possible values of
p sample proportion
the
p
Expected Value of
E ( p) p
where:
p = the population proportion
26
p
Sampling Distribution of
Standard Deviation of
p
Finite Population
p (1 p ) N n
n
N 1
Infinite Population
p (1 p )
n
27
Sampling Distributionp of
Residents
for In-State
.72(1 .72)
p
.082
30
E(p) .72
Sampling Distributionp of
for In-State
Residents
What is the probability that a simple
random sample of 30 applicants will provide
an estimate of the population proportion of
applicants desiring on-campus housing that is
within plus or minus .05 of the actual p
population proportion?
In other words, what is the probability that
will be between .67 and .77?
29
Sampling Distributionp of
Residents
for In-State
Sampling
distribution
of p
Area = .2291
Area = .2291
p
0.67 0.72 0.77
31
Unbiasedness
If the expected value of the sample statistic
is equal to the population parameter being
estimated, the sample statistic is said to be an
unbiased estimator of the population
parameter.
32
Efficiency
Given the choice of two unbiased
estimators of the same population parameter,
we would prefer to use the point estimator
with the smaller standard deviation, since it
tends to provide estimates closer to the
population parameter.
The point estimator with the smaller
standard deviation is said to have greater
relative efficiency than the other.
33
Consistency
A point estimator is consistent if the values
of the point estimator tend to become closer to
the population parameter as the sample size
becomes larger.
34
35
36
37
Cluster Sampling
38
Cluster Sampling
39
Systematic Sampling
Systematic Sampling
41
Convenience Sampling
Judgment Sampling
43
End of Chapter 7
44