Radu Braga

LP SISTEM NERVOS 1

Neuronul
Structura si conducerea impulsului nervos

Two coordinating systems which respond

to environmental stimuli

Nervous System & Endocrine (hormone) System

Begin with Nervous System (data processing system)
3 interconnected functions input / integration / output

Basic Organization

sensory receptor (sensory input) integration (motor output) effector

Sensory Input triggered by

stimuli
conduction of signals to
processing center

Integration
interpretation of sensory
signals within processing
centers

Motor output
conduction of signals to
effector cells (i.e. muscles,
gland cells)

Neuron

Dendrite - conducts signal toward the cell body -- [input zone]

often short, numerous & highly branched
signal comes from sensory cell or neighboring neuron

Axon - usually a single fiber -- [conducting zone]

conducts signal away from cell body to another neuron or effector cell

Axon Ending
a cluster of branches (100s to 1000s)
each with a bulblike synaptic knob
relays signal to next neuron / effector cell

Generation - Conduction of Neural Impulses

Dependent on concentration
gradients of Na+ & K+
Na+ 14x greater outside
K+ 28x greater inside

Membrane permeability
lipid bilayer bars passage of K+ & Na+
ions
protein channels and pumps regulate
passage of K+ & Na+

at rest more K+ move out than Na+

move in
K+ ions diffuse out leave behind
excess negative charge
Sodium-potassium pump
Na+ out - K+ in (more Na+ out than K+
in
contributes to loss of (+)

Overview of Neural Impulse

 Maintenance of negative charge within neuron

resting membrane potential about -70 millivolts
[5% voltage of AA battery]

Dissolved organic molecules [negative charge] kept

inside
Na+ - K+ balance

Stimulus causes opening of Na+

gates & closing of K+ gates -

Threshold [~ +30 mV]

all - or - nothing response

Action potential localized

electrical event

Changes permeability of region

immediately ahead
changes in K+ & Na+ gates
domino effect
propagation of signal

Intensity of stimuli (i.e. pinch vs.

punch) = number of neurons
firing

Speed on impulse based on

diameter of axon & amount of
myelination [wire for internet]

Resembles chain of beads

Prevents ions from flowing

through membranes

Na+ channels highly

concentrated at nodes

Allows signal to travel faster

because impulse jumps
from node of Ranvier to
node of Ranvier (with
myelin sheath (225 mph /
without 11 mph)

MS destruction of mylin
sheath by own immune
system (progressive loss of
signal conduction, muscle
control & brain function)

Myelin Sheath

Clasificarea tipurilor de neuroni

Erlanger
i Gasser

Lloyd i
Hunt

fibrei
(m)

Viteza
(m/s)

Rol
Motor: motoneuronul somatic alfa

Ia

10-20

50-120

Ib

10-20

50-120

II

A
A

III

B
C

IV

4-12

25-70

2-8

10-50

1-5

3-30

1-3

3-15

<1

<2

Senzitiv: aferene primare de la fusul

neuromuscular
Senzitiv: organe tendinoase Golgi, tact i
presiune
Motor: motoneuroni mici pentru fibre intra i
extra fusale
Senzitiv: aferene fusale secundare, tact
epicirtic, presiune i vibraie
Motor: motoneuronul gamma
Senzitiv: tact protopatic, durere,
temperatur
Motor: fibre vegetative preganglionare
Motor: fibre vegetative postganglionare
Senzitiv: durere temperatur
2010/2011 Dr. Radu Braga
Cat. Fiziologie, UMF Bucureti

Neurons Communicate at
Synapses
Electrical [no synapse]
common in heart & digestive tract - maintains steady, rhythmic
contraction
All cells in effector contain receptor proteins for neurotransmitters

Chemical - skeletal muscles & CNS

presence of gap (SYNAPTIC CLEFT) which prevents action
potential from moving directly to receiving neuron
ACTION POTENTIAL (electrical) converted to CHEMICAL SIGNAL
at synapse (molecules of neurotransmitter) then generate ACTION
POTENTIAL (electrical) in receiving neuron

Overview of Transmission of Nerve Impulse

Action potential

synaptic knob
opening of Ca+ channels
neurotransmitter vesicles fuse with membrane
release of neurotransmitter into synaptic cleft
binding of neurotransmitter to protein receptor
molecules on receiving neuron membrane
opening of ion channels
triggering of new action potential

Neurotransmitter is broken down by enzymes

& ion channels close -- effect brief and
precise

Nerve Impulse
Presynaptic neuron
Vesicles
[Calcium channels]
Synaptic cleft
Postsynaptic neuron
Neurotransmitter receptor

Nerve Impulse
Action potential
synaptic knob
opening of Ca+
channels
neurotransmitter
vesicles fuse with
membrane
release of
neurotransmitter into
synaptic cleft

Ca2+

Nerve Impulse
Action potential
neurotransmitter
vesicles fuse with
membrane
release of
neurotransmitter into
synaptic cleft

 Action potential
binding of
neurotransmitter to
protein receptor
molecules on receiving
neuron membrane
opening of sodium
channels
triggering of new
action potential

Neurotransmitters
Catecholamine Neurotransmitters
Derived from amino acid tyrosine
Dopamine [Parkinsons], norepinephrine,
epinephrine

Amine Neurotransmitters
acetylcholine, histamine, serotonin

Amino Acids
aspartic acid, GABA, glutamic acid, glycine

Polypeptides
Include many which also function as hormones
endorphins

 Transmission of signals
based on MULTIPLE
STIMULI
combined excitatory &
inhibitory neurons

Inhibition in Pre-synaptic
neuron
Ca+ channels blocked
stops release of
neurotransmitter

Inhibition in Post-synaptic
neuron
opens Cl- channels
makes interior more [-]

increase permeability of K+
ions
makes interior more [-]

 Organizare SN
Nerv structura
Neuron
Structura, tipuri
Tipuri de conducere neuronala si interneuronala
Sinapsa ch/el, met/iono, IPSP, EPSP

Investigare
EMG
Cond nervoasa