ABSTRACT

Transformer:- It is a simple static device operation on a

principle of Electro Magnetic Induction. It transfers
electrical energy from one electrical circuit to another
electrical circuit through the medium of magnetic field
with out change of frequency.
Testings of transformer:- The different tests like type
tests and special tests are performed.
INTRODUCTION
Electrical energy generated at generating stations is
transported to remote load centers. Between generating
station and consumers we have transmission, sub
transmission and distribution levels of voltage.
Definition:
 A transformer is a device with two or more stationary
electrical circuits that are conductively disjointed but
magnetically coupled time varying magnetic field and is
used for transferring power one circuit to another by means
of electromagnetic induction at the same frequency.
WORKING PRINCIPLE

e= Mdi/dt
Where e= Induced e.m.f
M= Mutual inductance
GENERAL CLASSIFICATIONS
Power Transformers:-
1.Oil filled transformer
2.Dry type transformer
Distribution Transformers

Special transformers
CORE MATERIAL
 Types of core materials:

1. CRGO: (Cold Rolled Grain Oriented Silicon

Steel)
2.Amorphous:
 CRGO :
Electrical steel sheet with approximate
silicon content of 3% is used for magnetic circuit of a
transformer.
Amorphous:
 The use of amorphous metal in place of
CRGO steel for the transformers core reduces the no
load losses of transformer by approximately 75%.
Amorphous Metal typical composition is
Fe – 78%
B – 13%
Si – 9%
INSULATION MATERIAL
 Transformer oil
 Electrical grade paper
 Press board
 Perma wood
 Insulating material
 Bakelite
COOLING
Various types of cooling:
 ONAN type cooling
 ONAF type cooling
 OFAF Type Cooling
 OFWF Type Cooling
DESIGNING
The manufacturing of a transformer can be
classified in to following sections.
Core section.
Winding section.
Core coil assembly.
Tanking and finishing.
Core section
ABCD TYPE

PQRS TYPE:
WINDING SECTION
Types windings:
 Cross over windings
 Spiral winding
 Helical windings
 Disc windings
Core coil Assembly
Core coil assembly consists of assembling the windings to the
core assembly. Core assembly is placed on a suitable leveled
platform. Tighten the three limbs with webbing tape. Top
channels and top yoke laminations are removed and placed on a
table in the same sequence. Bottom insulation items like press
board rings, petals; perma wood rings are placed on bottom yoke
on each core limb. Core wraps as specified in the design details
are covered to the core limbs and tightened with cotton tape.
 HV windings are lowered over LV winding with spacers between
each HV winding. Insulation items like paper tubes, empire
sleeves and top insulation arrangement is completed. During
insulation assembly, various leads are properly position and fully
insulated phase barrier assembly is then completed. Top yoke
laminations are assembled back in position starting with the
center step.
Tanking
Tanking means
assembling the core
coil-assembling job into
transformer tank with
all necessary accessories
according to bill of
material and design
diagram. An outline
process followed in
tanking
TESTING
The testing of transformers is classified into two
types
Preliminary tests
Final tests
 Preliminary tests:

These are of three types :

Pre core loss test

Ratio check
OC test
Final inspection tests
1. Routine tests:
Insulation resistance test
Winding resistance test
Turns ratio test
Vector group verification test
No load loss and magnetizing current measurement
test or OC test
Load loss and impedance voltage measurement test
Induced over voltage withstand test or DVDF test
Separate source voltage withstand test
INSULATION RESISTANC TEST:
The various insulating materials used in the transformers
are Kraft paper, epoxy dotted paper, pressboard, perma
wood etc. Being hygroscopic materials, these absorb
moisture.
The insulation resistance is measured between windings,
windings and tank with a meggar.
The insulation resistance varies inversely with the
temperature. Therefore the oil temp is also recorded. For
every 10 °c rise in temp, the insulation resistance reduces
to half.
INSULATION RESISTANC TEST:

Measurement of insulation resistance for three phase

transformers

HV to LV HV to Body LV to Body
WINDING RESISTANCE TESTS
While calculating the I2R losses in the winding it is
necessary to measure dc resistance of each winding.
The resistance measurement should be done after the
direct current circulating in the winding has reached a
steady state.
Temperature of the winding should be stable and for this
reason the test is carried out normally before the load loss
measurement test.
The measurement of winding resistance is done using
(i) Digital micro ohmmeter,
(ii) Transformer ohmmeter
 
TURN RATIO TESTS
Ratio test is conducted to ensure the number of turns
in different windings on each tapping. In order to get
accurate ratio measurement a ratio meter is used. It
also indicates the polarity of the windings. Tolerance
of this test is given separatel.
Vector group verification test:
For a three phase transformers, it is more usually
to carry out a vector relationship test, in which one
of the high voltage and low voltage line terminals
shall be connected together.
 No load loss and magnetizing current measurement
test or OC test :

 The measurement of no load loss and current is important

not only for the purpose of assessing the efficiency of the
transformer, but also as a check that the high voltage tests
have not caused any damage to insulation.
Load loss and impedance voltage measurement test:

To estimate energy loss of the transformer

at rated current.

To assess the efficiency and voltage regulation of

the transformer
Induced over voltage withstand test:

This test is intended to check the inter turn and line

end insulation as well as main insulation to earth and
between windings. For transformers with uniformly
insulated windings, the test voltage is twice the
corresponding rated voltage at double the rated
frequency.
Separate source voltage withstand test:
 Test is intended to check the adequate of main insulation to earth this and
between windings. The line terminals of the winding under test are
connected together and appropriate test voltage is applied to them, while the
other windings and tank are connected together to earth.
CONCLUSION
As a part of project designing of oil filled transformer
of 3-phase was tested with preliminary test and final
tests. All the tests mentioned above are obeyed by
transformer. 
So the 3-phase, 50Hz, 11/33Kv, transformer are
satisfied the above tests.