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CONTENT
ASSUMPTIONS
EVALUATION OF DESIGN PARAMETERS
MOMENT FACTORS Kn,
STRENGTH REDUCTION FACTOR
BALANCED REINFORCEMENT RATIO b
ASSUMPTIONS
Plane sections before bending remain plane and perpendicular to
the N.A. after bending
Strain distribution is linear both in concrete & steel and is directly
proportional to the distance from N.A.
Strain in the steel & surrounding concrete is the same prior to
cracking of concrete or yielding of steel
Concrete in the tension zone is neglected in the flexural analysis &
design computation
b
c=0.003
c
h
0.85fc
a
a/2
d
d-a/2
T
s = fy / Es
TO
TO SLIDESLIDE-
Actual
fy
Idealized
Es
1
1= 0.85
; fc 4000 psi
1= 0.65
= Asb / bd
= 0.85fc ab / (fy. d)
= 1 ( 0.85 fc / fy) [ 87,000 / (87,000+fy)]
Calculate , Kn
BACK
BACK
required
Design the steel reinforcement arrangement with appropriate cover
and spacing stipulated in code. Bar size and corresponding no. of
bars based on the bar size #n.
Check crack widths as per codal provisions
EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE
= As1 fy (d a/2)
;
Mu2 = As2 fy (d d) ;
b = b1 + (fs / fy)
= Balanced reinforcement ratio for S.R. section
END
ENDb1
DESIGN STRENGTH
Mu = Mn
The design strength of a member refers to the nominal strength
calculated in accordance with the requirements stipulated in the code
multiplied by a Strength Reduction Factor , which is always less than 1.
Why ?
To allow for the probability of understrength members due to variation
in material strengths and dimensions
To allow for inaccuracies in the design equations
To reflect the degree of ductility and required reliability of the member
under the load effects being considered.
To reflect the importance of the member in the structure
RECOMMENDED VALUE
Beams in Flexure...
Beams in Shear & Torsion
0.90
0.85
BACK
BACK
AS
ASPER
PERTABLE
TABLE9.5
9.5(a)
(a)
Simply
One End
Both End
Cantilever
Supported Continuous Continuous
L / 16
L / 18.5
L / 21
L/ 8
BACK
BACK
CLEAR
CLEARCOVER
COVER
Not
Notless
lessthan
than1.5
1.5in.
in.when
whenthere
thereis
isno
noexposure
exposureto
to
weather
weatheror
orcontact
contactwith
withthe
theground
ground
For
Forexposure
exposureto
toaggressive
aggressiveweather
weather22in.
in.
Clear
Cleardistance
distancebetween
betweenparallel
parallelbars
barsin
inaalayer
layermust
must
not
notbe
beless
lessthan
thanthe
thebar
bardiameter
diameteror
or11in.
in.
RULE
RULEOF
OFTHUMB
THUMB
d/b = 1.5 to 2.0 for beam spans of 15 to 25 ft.
d/b = 1.5 to 2.0 for beam spans of 15 to 25 ft.
d/b = 3.0 to 4.0 for beam spans > 25 ft.
d/b = 3.0 to 4.0 for beam spans > 25 ft.
`b` is taken as an even number
`b` is taken as an even number
Larger the d/b, the more efficient is the section due
Larger the d/b, the more efficient is the section due
to
toless
lessdeflection
deflection
BACK
BACK
BAR
BARSIZE
SIZE
#n = n/8 in. diameter for n 8.
#n = n/8 in. diameter for n 8.
Ex.
Ex.#1
#1=
=1/8
1/8in.
in.
..
#8
#8=
=8/8
8/8i.e.,
i.e.,IIin.
in.
W
eight
,,Ar
ea
er
imet
er
ss
W
eight
Ar
eaand
andP
P
er
imet
erof
ofindividual
individualbar
bar
Bar
Bar Wt.per
Wt.per
No
Foot
No Foot(lb)
(lb)
33
44
55
66
77
88
99
10
10
11
11
14
14
18
18
0.376
0.376
0.668
0.668
1.043
1.043
1.502
1.502
2.044
2.044
2.670
2.670
3.400
3.400
4.303
4.303
5.313
5.313
7.650
7.650
13.600
13.600
BACK
BACK
Stamdard
StamdardNominal
NominalDimensions
Dimensions
C/S
Area,
Diameter
d
C/S Area, Perimeter
Perimeter
Diameter dbb
2
(in.)
A
inch
mm
(in.)
Abb(in
(in2))
inch
mm
0.375
99
0.11
1.178
0.375
0.11
1.178
0.500
13
0.20
1.571
0.500
13
0.20
1.571
0.625
16
0.31
1.963
0.625
16
0.31
1.963
0.750
19
0.44
2.356
0.750
19
0.44
2.356
0.875
22
0.60
2.749
0.875
22
0.60
2.749
1.000
25
0.79
3.142
1.000
25
0.79
3.142
1.128
28
1.00
3.544
1.128
28
1.00
3.544
1.270
31
1.27
3.990
1.270
31
1.27
3.990
1.410
33
1.56
4.430
1.410
33
1.56
4.430
1.693
43
2.25
5.319
1.693
43
2.25
5.319
2.257
56
4.00
7.091
2.257
56
4.00
7.091
CRACK WIDTH
w =
0.000091.fs.3 (dc.A)
Where,
w =
Crack width
=
0.016 in. for an interior exposure condition
=
0.013 in. for an exterior exposure condition
fs =
0.6 fy, kips
dc =
Distance from tension face to center of the row of
bars closest to the outside surface
A =
Effective tension area of concrete divided by the
number of reinforcing bars
=
Aeff / N
Aeff =
Product of web width and a height of web equal to
twice the distance from the centroid of the steel and tension
surface
N =
Total area of steel As / Area of larger bar
BACK
BACK
AAeffeff==bbwwxx2d
2d
dc
Tension face
bw
BACK
BACK
FLANGED BEAMS
EFFECTIVE OVERHANG, r
T BEAM
1.
2.
3.
r 8 hf
r ln
rL
L BEAM
1.
2.
3.
r 6 hf
r ln
r 1/12 L
c=0.003
c
0.85fc
a
a/2
d
d-a/2
As
s = fy / Es
Strain Diagram
0.85fc b a = As fy
a = As fy / [ 0.85fc b]
Mn = As fy (d a/2)
Stress Diagram
c=0.003
0.85fc
a
a/2
r
d
As
s = fy / Es
Strain Diagram
0.85fc b a = As fy
a = As fy / [ 0.85fc b]
Mn = As fy (d a/2)
d-a/2
Stress Diagram
c=0.003
c
0.85fc
a/2
r
d
As
Part-1
0.85fc bw a = As1 fy
Part-2
0.85fc (b-bw) hf = As2 fy
d-a/2
s = fy / Es
Strain Diagram
Stress Diagram
0.85fc bw a +
0.85fc (b-bw) hf = As fy
a = [As fy - 0.85fc (b-bw) hf ] / [ 0.85fc bw]
= Mn1 + Mn2
Mn1
= As1 fy (d a / 2)
Mn2
= As2 fy (d hf / 2)
Moment Redistribution
For continuous beam members,
Code permits Max of 20%
when et 0.0075 at that section
= Asb / bwd
= 0.85fc ab / (fy. d)
= 1 ( 0.85 fc / fy) [ 87,000 / (87,000+fy)]
0.75 b
min = 6 fc / fy or