Project Title

MISSILE DETECTION BY ULTRASONIC

MEANS AND ACTIVATE THE DESTROYER

Under the Guidance of

Submitted by

ABSTRACT
This ultrasonic proximity detector comprising independent, battery or
AC powered transmitter and receiver sections make use of a pair of
matched ultrasonic piezo ceramic transducers operating at around 40 kHz
each.
This circuit is used in getting reflected signals of 40 KHz from the object
(like a missile) to feed that to a program to the microcontroller to switch
on appropriate load while the program is executed at the microcontroller
end.
When the microcontroller receives the signal from ultrasonic receiver it
activates the study lamp by triggering the gate of MOSFET through a
transistor.

PROJECT BLOCK DIAGRAM

Stud
y
lamp

HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS
POWER SUPPLY BLOCK
MICROCONTROLLER (AT89S52/AT89C51)
ULTRASONIC MODULE
PUSH BUTTONS
LCD
BC547
RESISTORS
CAPACITORS

POWER SUPPLY
Bridge rectifier

230 V
AC
50
Hz

5v Regulator

5V
DC
12V step down
transformer

Filter(470f)

MICROCONTROLLER

It is a smaller computer
Has on-chip RAM, ROM, I/O ports...

CPU

I/O
Port

RAM ROM
Serial
Timer COM
Port

A single chip
Microcontroller

INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF A MICRO CONTROLLERAT89S52/51

External interrupts
Interrup
t
Control

On-chip
ROM for
program
code

Timer/Counter

On-chip
RAM

Timer 1
Timer 0

CPU

OSC

Bus
Control

4 I/O Ports

P0 P1 P2 P3

Address/Data

Serial
Port

TxD RxD

Counter
Inputs

Features of AT89S51/52
Compatible with MCS-51 Products
8K Bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP) Flash Memory
Endurance: 10,000 Write/Erase Cycles

4.0V to 5.5V Operating Range

Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz

256 x 8-bit Internal RAM

32 Programmable I/O Lines

Three 16-bit Timer/Counters

Eight Interrupt Sources

Full Duplex UART Serial Channel

Interrupt Recovery from Power-down Mode

Watchdog Timer

Dual Data Pointer

Pin Description

ULTRASONIC TRANSMITTER AND RECIVER

Ultrasonic

sensors

(also

known

as

transceivers) work on a principle similar to

radar or sonar which evaluate attributes of
a target by interpreting the echoes from
radio or sound waves respectively.
Ultrasonic

sensors

generate

high

frequency sound waves and evaluate the

echo which is received back by the sensor.

Ultrasonic generators use piezoelectric materials such as zinc or lead

zirconium tartrates or quartz crystal.
The material thickness decides the resonant frequency when mounted and
excited by electrodes attached on either side of it.
The medical scanners used for abdomen or heart ultrasound are designed at
2.5 MHz. In this circuit, a 40 kHz transducer is used for object detection in
the air medium.
FEATURES
Use for motion or distance sensing
Frequency: 40kHz 1.0kHz
Aluminum case
Capacitance: 2000Pf 20%
Transmitter: bandwidth 5.0kHz/100Db, sound pressure level
112Db/40 1.0kHz

MOSFET
TheMOSFET(Metal Oxide Semiconductor
Field Effect Transistor) is a Voltage controlled
device.
This means that a voltage at the gate control
the current flows from the drain to the source.
There are three terminals: Gate - connected
to the input device.
Drain - connected to the positive, since
electrons drain away to the positive. Source the source of the electrons

Contd..
USES OF MOSFETS High power devices like
motors and light bulbs give a large current
output for a very tiny current input.
So a MOSFET can act as the interface
between an integrated circuit that can give
only a tiny current, and the motor that
takes a big current.
In complimentary pairs they are used in hifi power amplifiers.
They produce less distortion as they are
more linear than bipolar transistors.
Integrated circuits, as they can be made
very compact.

BC547 (NPN Transistor)

The BC547 transistor is an NPN Epitaxial

Silicon Transistor.
It is used in general-purpose switching and
amplification BC847/BC547 series 45 V, 100
mA NPN general-purpose transistors.
The ratio of two currents (Ic/Ib) is called the DC Current Gain of
the device and is given the symbol of hfe or nowadays Beta, ().

The current gain from the emitter to the collector

terminal, Ic/Ie, is called Alpha, (), and is a function of the
transistor itself

LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY (LCD)

Most common LCDs connected to the microcontrollers are
16x2 and 20x2 displays.
This means 16 characters per line by 2 lines and 20
characters per line by 2 lines, respectively.
The standard is referred to as HD44780U, which refers to
the controller chip which receives data from an external
source (and communicates directly with the LCD.

LCD BACKGROUND

If an 8-bit data bus is used the LCD will require 11 data lines
(3 control lines plus the 8 lines for the data bus)
The three control lines are referred to as EN, RS, and RW
EN=Enable (used to tell the LCD that you are sending it data)
RS=Register Select (When RS is low (0), data is treated as a command)
(When RS is High(1), data being sent is text data )
R/W=Read/Write (When RW is low (0), the data written to the LCD)
(When RW is low (0), the data reading to the LCD)

Software Requirements
Keil an ARM Company makes C compilers, macro assemblers,
real-time

kernels,

environments,

debuggers,

evaluation

boards,

simulators,
and

integrated

emulators

for

ARM7/ARM9/Cortex-M3, XC16x/C16x/ST10, 251, and 8051

MCU families.

Compilers are programs used to convert a High Level

Language to object code. Desktop compilers produce an
output object code for the underlying microprocessor, but
not for other microprocessors.

 i.e the programs written in one of the HLL like C will compile the
code to run on the system for a particular processor like x86
(underlying microprocessor in the computer).
For example compilers for Dos platform is different from the
Compilers for Unix platform So if one wants to define a compiler
then compiler is a program that translates source code into object
code.

BIBILOGRAPHY
The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded systems
by Muhammad Ali Mazidi and Janice Gillispie
Mazidi , Pearson Education.
ATMEL 89S52 Data Sheets.
www.atmel.com
www.beyondlogic.org
www.wikipedia.org
www.howstuffworks.com
www.alldatasheets.com

U
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Y
K
TH A N