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ANALYSIS
For Business, Economics,
and the Life and Social Sciences
Chapter 3
Lines, Parabolas and Systems
INTRODUCTORY MATHEMATICAL
ANALYSIS
0. Review of Algebra
INTRODUCTORY MATHEMATICAL
ANALYSIS
9. Additional Topics in Probability
10. Limits and Continuity
11. Differentiation
12. Additional Differentiation Topics
13. Curve Sketching
14. Integration
15. Methods and Applications of Integration
16. Continuous Random Variables
17. Multivariable Calculus
2007 Pearson Education Asia
Chapter Objectives
To develop the notion of slope and different forms of
equations of lines.
To develop the notion of demand and supply curves and
to introduce linear functions.
To sketch parabolas arising from quadratic functions.
To solve systems of linear equations in both two and
three variables by using the technique of elimination by
addition or by substitution.
To use substitution to solve nonlinear systems.
To solve systems describing equilibrium and break-even
points.
2007 Pearson Education Asia
Chapter Outline
3.1) Lines
3.2) Applications and Linear Functions
3.3) Quadratic Functions
3.4) Systems of Linear Equations
3.5) Nonlinear Systems
3.6) Applications of Systems of Equations
3.1 Line
Slope of a Line
The slope of the line is for two different points
(x1, y1) and (x2, y2) is
y 2 y1
vertical change
m
x 2 x1 horizontal change
Solution:
The slope is
p2 p1 1 4
1
m
q2 q1 8 2
2
Equation of line
A point-slope form of an equation of the line
through (x1, y1) with slope m is
y 2 y1
m
x 2 x1
y 2 y 1 m x 2 x1
2007 Pearson Education Asia
Solution:
By clearing the fractions, we have
2
xy 40
3
2 x 3 y 12 0
Solution:
We solve the given equation for y,
3 x 4y 2 0
4 y 3 x 2
3
1
y x
4
2
2007 Pearson Education Asia
Solution:
The line through (3, 2) that is parallel to y = 3x + 1
also has slope 3.
y 2 3 x 3
y 2 3x 9
y 3 x 11
3
1
y 2 x 1
3
1
y x 1
3
where x, y 0
Linear Functions
A function f is a linear function which can be
written as f x ax b where a 0
Example 3 Graphing Linear Functions
15 2t
Graph f x 2 x 1 and g t
.
3
Solution:
3 .
The slope is m
x 2 x1
1 2
y 6 3 x 2
y 3 x
f x 3 x
f
x
x
4 x 12 .
Graph the quadratic function
b
4
2 .
Solution: The vertex is
2a
2 1
0 x 2 4 x 12
0 x 6 x 2
x 6 and 2
g
x
x
6 x 7.
Graph the quadratic function
Solution:
b
6
3
2a
21
x 3 2
f
x
ax
bx c determine the inverse
From
Linear system
(one solution)
Linear system
(no solution)
Linear system
(many solutions)
a) elimination by addition
b) elimination by substitution
2007 Pearson Education Asia
3y 2x 3
8 x 12y 12
x 3
y 1
y 1
x 5y 2
1x 5 y 1
2
2
Solve
x 5 y 2
Solve
2x y z 3
x 2 y 2z 1
x y 3z 6
y z 5
x y 3z 6
y 2
x 1
2 x 4 y 2z 8
Solution:
Multiply the 2nd equation by 1/2 and add to the 1st
equation,
x 2y z 4
00
Solve
(1)
(2)
3x y 1 0
x2 x 6 0
x 3 x 2 0
x 3 or x 2
2007 Pearson Education Asia
y 8 or y 7
8
q 50
100
Let
be the supply equation for a
manufacturers product, and suppose the demand
equation is p 7 q 65.
100
Solution:
a. By substitution,
7
8
q 65
q 50
100
100
and
q 100
8
100 51.50 58.70
p
100
8
100 51.50 7 q 65
100
100
q 90
2007 Pearson Education Asia
and
8
100 50 58
p
100
Solution:
b. Total revenue given by
After tax,
Break-Even Points
Solution:
a. We have yTR 8q
yTC yVC y FC
At break-even point,
22
q 5000
9
yTR yTC
22
q 5000
9
q 900
8q
and
b.
yTR yTC
22