Web Units Lec 4 - PHP & MySQL v2 (1) - 2

WP/WTI Lecture 4:
PHP & MySQL (Part 1 of 2)

Paul Albinson
palbinson@bournemouth.ac.uk
www.bournemouth.ac.uk
Outline
An introduction to MySQL
MySQL APIs
Using our MySQL server
Oracle vs. MySQL
PHP and MySQL
Operational logic
CRUD operations
Data retrieval
Error handling
An Introduction to MySQL
MySQL
Pronounced
My S Q L
MySQL is the most popular open

source relational database
It primarily competes against
PostgreSQL in the open source RDBMS
market
Owned and maintained by Oracle (but

still free!)
It is fast, reliable, scalable, and easy to

use.
It is very popular and is used in and
MySQL Editions
MySQL Community Edition Free!
A excellent RDBMS with all the key
features most users require but it has no
customer support
There is however documentation and a users
forum
It is actually better than the standard
commercial version
Commercial versions Annual

Subscription
Includes customer support
Commercial Versions
MySQL Standard Edition ($2,000 a
year)
Basic database features with customer
support
The free community edition is actually
better
MySQL Enterprise Edition ($5,000 a

year)
Improved enterprise management
features
Web Architecture
Client
Server
HTTP
Web
front-end
(Apache)
User
Agent
HTTP
Middleware
(PHP)
API
Backend
(DB)
MySQL APIs
PHP Database Extensions

Database extensions are APIs used
for accessing a database server in
PHP
The link between the middleware and
the backend
There are 2 types of database

extension:
Abstraction layers
Vendor-specific extensions
API Types
Abstraction layers:
Unify database interactions so that code
focuses on database functions (query,
insert, delete etc.) rather than individual
DBMSs.
This makes database code more flexible,
just change the configuration to use a
different DBMS and the code still works.
Vendor- specific extensions:

DBMS specific (MySQL in this case)
MySQL APIs
PHP has 3 different APIs to use MySQL:
mysql - Standard MySQL Extension
Deprecated,
DO mysql
NOT USE,
it will beuse
removed
Deprecated
- Do Not Use
extension,
mysqli or
PDO instead.
in PHP 7
mysqli - MySQL improved extension

Replaces standard mysql extension (mysql)
PDO - PHP Data Objects
mysql and mysqli procedural functions

look very similar e.g. mysql_query()
mysqli_query() but they are different
Mysqli vs. PDO

Green = Advantage over other option
Mysqli vs. PDO

For now well start with mysqli
As our work so far has been procedural and as
mysqlis procedural functions are easier for
beginners than PDO well use them for now. PDO will
be considered for WP next semester.
More comparisons:
http://php.net/manual/en/mysqlinfo.api.choosing.php
http://code.tutsplus.com/tutorials/pdo-vs-mysqli-which-s
hould-you-use-net-24059
More details on using PDO:

http://www.sitepoint.com/re-introducing-pdo-the-right-w
ay-to-access-databases-in-php
Using Our MySQL Server
Connection details
To use our MySQL server (available
on Gauda) you need the following
details:
Host: 127.0.0.1
Username: Your regular username e.g.
i767654
Password: See your MYSQL-README file
See the MYSQL-README file in your home
directory (/home/ixxxx - note ixxx represents
your username)
Modifying your database

You can modify your database:
Via code Typically SQL within a PHP
script
Via the phpMyAdmin database
management web application
See https://
gauda.bournemouth.ac.uk/gaudadba
Note this currently only works inside BU
Via MySQL workbench (works anywhere)

Guides on using phpMyAdmin and
MySQL workbench are provided on MyBU
Oracle Vs. MySQL
Oracle vs. MySQL
I like/understand
Oracle, cant I
just use that?
The purpose is not about helping you

choose the right database to use as the
two are built for different markets.
MySQL is excellent for web development
and is a very popular and powerful RDBMS
for this
Oracle is better suited to non-web
applications
We are more interested in the

database structure and mechanisms
rather than their feature sets
Data Authentication
It is a process used to verify the
identity of a database user in order to
permit them to access, process or
alter data.
MySQLs implementation:
Grant tables are used to keep track of
users and the privileges that they can
have.
Location can be checked along with the
Schema
A database schema contains the definitions of
the tables, views, indexes, users, constraints,
stored procedures, triggers, and other
database-specific objects.
It can be considered as the header file of a
database which describes its structure (blueprint).
A common understanding is that a database

in MySQL is a schema in Oracle.
When using a database, you use schema in Oracle
while you use database in MySQL.
Data Types
Both MySQL and Oracle support three
main types: numeric, date and
time, and string.
The main difference is that data types
defined in MySQL are more specific.
For example:
MySQL: INT, DOUBLE, REAL and FLOAT.
Oracle: NUMBER(n,0), FLOAT(24).
Data Storage Concepts

In Oracle, tablespaces provide logical
storage space that links a database to the
physical data files.
In MySQL, a storage engine is used to deal
with data storage and retrieval.
For the default storage engine MyISAM, each
database is a directory within the MySQL data
directory where each table of the database is
stored in a separate set of files within the
directory.
SQL Queries
Both Oracle and MySQL are RDBMS
which support SQL queries.
However, they have different
implementations of SQL syntax.
Conceptually, they are the same but
practically they are different. Beware of
their differences.
Many DBMSs use their own
implementations of SQL - Notably
Oracle, Microsoft SQL Server and
SQL Syntax Examples

Retrieve the first 5 rows from a
database table
MySQL
SELECT columns FROM table ORDER BY key
ASC LIMIT 5;
Oracle
SELECT * FROM (SELECT columns FROM
table ORDER BY key ASC) WHERE ROWNUM
<= 5;
PHP and MySQL
Database Operation Logic
Connect to
the server
Select a
database
Submit a
query
Disconnect
from the
server
Retrieve
data
MySQLi Mapping
DB Operation
Logics
mysqli Extension
Server connection
mysqli_connect()
Database selection
mysqli_select_db()
Query submission
mysqli_query()
mysqli_multi_query()
Data retrieval
(fetch row or rows)
mysqli_fetch_assoc()
mysqli_fetch_array()
mysqli_fetch_all()
And other mysqli_fetch_ variations

Memory free up
mysqli_free_result()
Server disconnection
mysqli_close()
Error handling
mysqli_error()
Server Connection
Syntax:
mysqli_connect(host, username,
password,
dbname,
port, socket);
Equivalent MySQL
command:
mysql h host u user p password db
Example:
$conn = mysqli_connect('127.0.0.1',
'i1234567',
For our server 'password','i1234567');
the database name is the same as the
username, in ordinary circumstances it would be
different.
Database Selection
Syntax:
mysqli_select_db(connection,dbname
);
Equivalent SQL syntax:
USE dbname;
Example:
'i1234567',
'password');
mysqli_select_db($conn, 'mydb');
Note as you can specify the database when connecting to the
server using mysqli_connect() the only time you would
need to use this is to change databases after connecting.
Server Disconnection
Syntax:mysqli_close(dbconnection)
;
Equivalent MySQL command:

exit
Example:
'i1234567',
'password','i1234567');
mysqli_close($conn);
CRUD Operations
CRUD stands for Create, Read, Update
and Delete in relational database
applications.
It refers to INSERT/CREATE, SELECT,
UPDATE and DELETE/DROP SQL
statements.
CRUD operations are implemented as SQL
queries/commands.
CRUD Operations in PHP

SQL queries are generally created as strings in
PHP
They are executed on the MySQL server by using
mysqli_query() function.
By default, query results are returned as a result
set (mysqli_result object).
They can be then retrieved by using functions
defined in mysqli_result class.
CRUD: Create A Table

SQL syntax (basic):
CREATE TABLE table (col
type);
p_id
p_name
Example:INT
VARCHAR (255)
p_stock
INT
$query = "CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS

products (
p_id INT NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
PRIMARY KEY (p_id),
p_name VARCHAR(255),
p_stock INT
)";
$result = mysqli_query($conn, $query);
CRUD: Insert Data

SQL syntax (basic):
INSERT INTO table (col1,
col2)
VALUES (value1, value2);
Example:
$query = "INSERT INTO products (p_id,

p_name, p_stock) VALUES (NULL, 'f',
0);";
$result = mysqli_query($conn,
p_id
p_name
p_stock
$query);
0
CRUD: Select Data

SQL syntax (basic):
SELECT * FROM table WHERE col =
'value';
Example:
$query = "SELECT * FROM products

WHERE p_stock = 0;";
$query);
p_id
p_name
p_stock
CRUD: Update Data

SQL syntax (basic):
UPDATE table SET col =
'value'
WHERE col = 'value';
Example:
$query = "UPDATE products SET p_stock =

21
p_id
p_name
p_stock
21
CRUD: Delete Data

SQL syntax (basic):
DELETE FROM table WHERE col =
'value';
Example:
$query = "DELETE FROM product
$query);
CRUD: Drop/Delete a Table

SQL syntax (basic):
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS
table;
Example:
$query = "DROP TABLE IF EXISTS
products;";
Data Retrieval Logic in PHP

Query results are normally called data rows
in a database.
These data rows are returned to PHP as a
result set where:
Each data row will be stored in an array.
The key of the array is the table column or
column index.
The value of the array is the data value
corresponding to the column.
Loops/iteration is used to get all data rows.
Data Retrieval Diagram

p_id p_nam
e
p_stock
10
11
12
13
Result set
Key
SELECT * FROM products
10
11
12
13
Value
10
Array1
Value
11
Array2
Value
12
Array3
Data Retrieval Example

Get a result row as an enumerated array:
Example:
mysqli_fetch_row(
);
$query = "SELECT * FROM products

WHERE p_stock > 0;";
$query);
while ($row =
mysqli_fetch_row($result))
{
echo $row[0], $row[1], $row[2];

Fetch a result row as an associative, a
numeric array,
or both:
mysqli_fetch_array(
);
Example with numeric array:
$query = "SELECT p_id, p_stock
FROM products WHERE p_stock >
0;";
while ($row =
mysqli_fetch_array($result, MYSQLI_NUM))
{
echo $row[0], $row[1];

numeric array,
or both:
mysqli_fetch_array(
);
Example with associative array:
0;";
while ($row =
mysqli_fetch_array($result,
MYSQLI_ASSOC)){
echo $row["p_id"], $row["p_stock"];

numeric array,
or both:
mysqli_fetch_array(
);
Example with both numeric and
associative:
0;";

while ($row = mysqli_fetch_array($result,
MYSQLI_BOTH)){
}
echo $row["p_id"], $row[1];
Data Retrieval Examples

There are other ways of fetching
results See http://
php.net/manual/en/class.mysqli-resul
t.php
Error Handling
Connection error: mysqli_connect()
It will return FALSE if connecting fails
The error can be captured using
mysqli_connect_error()
Query error: mysqli_query()

It will return FALSE if the query fails
The error can be captured with mysqli_error()
PHP function die() is normally used when major

errors are detected
It will terminate the current script and exit the program
Error Handling Example

Normal
$conn =
mysqli_connect("127.0.0.1","username",
"password", "db");
if (!$conn) {
die(mysqli_connect_error());
}
echo "<p>Connected!</p>";
Shorthand
$conn =
"password", "db") or
die(mysqli_connect_error());
Error Handling Example

Detailed connection error message
$conn =
"password", "db");
if (mysqli_connect_error()){
echo "Failed to connect to MySQL: .
mysqli_connect_error();
}
echo "<p>Connected!</p>";
Conclusion
Further reading
MySQLi in PHP Manual

MySQL 5.x Reference Manual
Ullman Chapters 4,5,8
Welling & Thomson Chapters
8,9,10,11
Preview of the next lecture

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WP/WTI Lecture 4:

PHP & MySQL (Part 1 of 2)

MySQL is the most popular open

Owned and maintained by Oracle (but

It is fast, reliable, scalable, and easy to

Commercial versions Annual

MySQL Enterprise Edition ($5,000 a

PHP Database Extensions

There are 2 types of database

Vendor- specific extensions:

mysqli - MySQL improved extension

PDO - PHP Data Objects

mysql and mysqli procedural functions

Mysqli vs. PDO

Mysqli vs. PDO

More details on using PDO:

Using Our MySQL Server

Modifying your database

Via MySQL workbench (works anywhere)

Oracle Vs. MySQL

Oracle vs. MySQL

The purpose is not about helping you

We are more interested in the

A common understanding is that a database

Data Storage Concepts

SQL Syntax Examples

PHP and MySQL

Database Operation Logic

And other mysqli_fetch_ variations

Equivalent MySQL command:

CRUD Operations in PHP

CRUD: Create A Table

$query = "CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS

CRUD: Insert Data

$query = "INSERT INTO products (p_id,

CRUD: Select Data

$query = "SELECT * FROM products

CRUD: Update Data

$query = "UPDATE products SET p_stock =

CRUD: Delete Data

CRUD: Drop/Delete a Table

Data Retrieval Logic in PHP

Data Retrieval Diagram

SELECT * FROM products

Data Retrieval Example

$query = "SELECT * FROM products

Data Retrieval Example

Data Retrieval Example

Data Retrieval Example

FROM products WHERE p_stock >

$result = mysqli_query($conn, $query);

echo $row["p_id"], $row[1];

Data Retrieval Examples

Query error: mysqli_query()

PHP function die() is normally used when major

Error Handling Example

Error Handling Example

MySQLi in PHP Manual

Preview of the next lecture

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