PUMPS

Introduction
Heart of hydraulic system, converts mechanical energy into
hydraulic energy.
The mechanical energy is delivered to the pump via a prime
mover such as an electric motor.
Due to mechanical action, the pump creates a partial vacuum
at its inlet.
This permits atmospheric pressure to force the fluid through
the inlet line and into the pump.
The pump then pushes the fluid into the hydraulic system.

Pumping theory

Classifications of Pumps
Hydrodynamic or non positive displacement
pumps
Used for low-pressure, high-volume flow
applications

Hydrostatic or positive displacement pumps

Used for fluid power applications

Classifications of Pumps
Hydrodynamic or non positive
displacement pumps
Most common types are centrifugal
(impeller) and axial (propeller)
pumps
Provide smooth continuous flow
The output flow is reduced as the
resistance in the system circuit
increased.
Priming is required.
No positive internal seal against
leakage

Classifications of Pumps
Hydrostatic or Positive displacement pumps
Ejects a fixed quantity of fluid per revolution of
the pump shaft.
Pump output flow is constant and not depend on
the system pressure.
A pressure relief valve is used to protect the pump
against overpressure.

Classifications of Pumps

Gear Pumps
External gear Pump

Gear Pumps
External gear Pump

Gear Pumps

Gear Pumps
External gear Pump
There are actually two cylinder volumes where oil could fill
inside the pump if there were no gear teeth.
However one half of these two volumes is taken up by the gear
teeth of both gears.
Volumetric displacement and Theoretical flow rate
Do outside diameter of gear teeth (in, m).
Di inside diameter of gear teeth (in, m).
L width of gear teeth (in, m).
VD displacement volume of pump (in 3/rev, m3/rev)
N rpm of pump
QT theoretical pump flow-rate

Gear Pumps
External gear Pump
Volumetric displacement and Theoretical flow rate

QT= VD N

Gear Pumps
External gear Pump
Volumetric displacement and Theoretical flow rate

where
b width of gear
m module of gear
z number of teeth in driver or driven gear
pressure angle of the gear
N rpm of the pump

Gear Pumps
Efficiencies of Pump
Volumetric efficiency (v)

Mechanical efficiency (m)

Overall efficiency (o)

Exercises
A gear pump with the following specification runs at 1400
rpm.
Module = 3mm/tooth
Gear width = 15mm
Number of teeth = 12
Pressure angle = 200
a. Calculate the theoretical discharge [Ans : 0.0163 m3/min ]
b. Calculate the hydraulic power produced by the pump when
working against a pressure of 100 bar [Ans : 2.716 KW]

Exercises
Find the actual delivery of the gear pump with the
following specification:
Outside diameter of the gear = 80mm
Inside diameter of the gear = 60mm
Gear width = 20mm
Speed of the pump = 1600 rpm
Volumetric efficiency = 88%
[Ans : QT = 0. 0703 m3/min, QA = 0.0618 m3/min]

Exercises
A gear pump has a 3-inch outside diameter, a 2-inch
inside diameter and 1-inch width. If the actual pump
flow at 1800 rpm and rated pressure is 28gpm, what is
the volumetric efficiency? [Ans: 91.3%]
Note:

1 m3 = 1000 litres
1 litre = 10-3 m3
1 gallon (gal) = 231 in3
1gal = 3.785 litre
1 inch = 0.0254 m

Gear Pumps
External gear Pump
Volumetric efficiency
There must be a small clearance (about 0.001inch)
between the teeth tip and pump housing
Some of the oil at the discharge port can leak directly
back toward the suction port. This internal leakage is
called pump slippage.
The higher the discharge pressure, the lower the
volumetric efficiency because the internal leakage
increases with pressure.

Gear Pumps
External gear Pump
Volumetric efficiency

Gear Pumps
External gear Pump
This pump uses spur gear (teeth are parallel to the axis of the gear),
which are noisy at relatively high speeds.
To reduce noise and provide smoother operation, helical gears (teeth
inclined at a small angle to the axis of the gear) are sometimes used.
However, these helical gear pumps are limited to low pressure
applications (below 200 psi) because they develop excessive end
thrust.
Herringbone gear pumps eliminate this thrust action and thus can be
used to develop much higher pressures (up to 3000psi) and provide
greater flow rates with much less pulsating action.

Gear Pumps

SPUR

HELICAL

HERRINGBONE

Gear Pumps
Internal gear Pump
This design consists of an internal gear, a regular spur gear,
a crescent shaped seal, and an external housing.
As power applied to an external gear, the motion of gears
draws fluid from the reservoir and forces it around both the
sides of crescent seal, which acts as a seal between the
suction and discharge ports.
When the teeth mesh on the side opposite to the crescent
seal, the fluid is forced to enter the discharge port of the
pump.

Gear Pumps
Internal gear Pump

Gear Pumps
Internal gear Pump

Gear Pumps
Lobe Pump
This pump operates in a fashion similar to the external gear
pump.
But unlike the external gear pump, both lobes are driven
externally so that they do not actually contact each other.
They are quieter than other types of gear pumps.
Due to smaller number of mating elements, the lobe pump
output will have a somewhat greater amount of pulsation,
although its volumetric displacement is generally greater
than other types of gear pumps.

Gear Pumps
Lobe Pump

Gear Pumps
Lobe Pump

Gear Pumps
Gerotor Pump
The name Gerotor is derived from Generated Rotor.
The inner rotor has N teeth and the outer rotor has N+1
teeth.
The inner gear rotor is power driven and draws the outer
gear rotor around as they mesh together.
The volumetric displacement is determined by the space
formed by the extra tooth in the outer rotor.
Gerotor pumps are generally designed using a trochoidal
inner rotor and an outer rotor formed by a circle with
intersecting circular arcs.

Gear Pumps
Gerotor Pump

Gear Pumps
Gerotor Pump

Gear Pumps
Screw Pump
An axial flow positive displacement unit.
Three precision ground screws, meshing within a close-fitting housing,
deliver nonpulsating flow quietly and efficiently.
The two symmetrically opposed idler rotors acts as rotating seals,
confining the fluid in a succession of closures or stages.
The idler rotors are in rolling contact with the central power rotor and
are free to float in their respective housing bores on a hydrodynamic
oil film.
There are no radial bending loads.
Axial hydraulic forces on the rotor set are balanced, eliminating any
need for thrust bearings.