MODERN DAY

POULTRY FARMING
Akhlaq Ahmad
07-12-2015

Poultry Housing
Hens

naturally were wild birds.

Domesticated with passing time to full fill human protein
requirement.
Since ages backyard poultry is part of human civilization.
With rapid increase in human population, the demand for protein
increased enormously which is met by improving birds efficiency
genetically.
To manage large numbers we confined them.
Conventional farms were initially built with less width so that air may
cross through natural air current.
Conventional houses worked a lot in moderate climatic zones but
factors like increase in disease load, noxious gases, improper
control of temperature, decreased efficiency were questions to be
answered.
Single answer to all these questions was Modern Environmentally
controlled house.

Broiler Farming

At commercial level
Open shed
Control Sheds

Open shed vs Control shed

Control shed

Open shed

Most of the things are automatic.

Every thing manual

Construction cost very much high.

Construction cost very low

Production satisfied

Production not satisfied

Open Shed
Every thing manually
i.e Feeding , Watering

Vaccination etc.
Tem in open shed difficult
to maintain.
RH also not retain
according to our
requirement.

Open shed

Disadvantages
Because management not
under our control so
Production low
FCR low
Body wt vary from bird to bird
High labour cost
At the end not satisfy farmer

Open shed
Advantages
Low construction &
Running expenses
(electricity , diesel etc.)
Birds are more resistant to
diseases then control
shed.

Control shed
Advantages
Almost Every thing auto
control
(feeding , watering , may be
vaccines, Tem , RH ,
Ventilation , etc.)
Low labor cost
Wt gain high
FCR high

Control shed
Disadvantages
Construction cost high
Running cost high
Less immune birds then
open shed

Ventilation System

Poultry house ventilation is necessary because

Birds need good environment.
We need more fresh air to full fill the needs due to higher

metabolic rate of birds.

We need more fresh air to full fill the needs due to higher
stock densities.
We want to expel excessive heat if any.
We need dry litter despite high density.
We want to expel noxious gases e.g. ammonia.
Ventilation in a poultry house supplies fresh air that is
essential to sustain life. It also helps reduce the extremes of
temperature, humidity and air contamination to tolerable
limits for confined chickens

Environmental conditions in
Pakistan

We are dependant upon the environmental conditions i.e. climate

of the region in which farm is to be constructed.

Due to the location, Pakistan Climate is temperate.
Pakistan has four seasons:
A cool, dry winter from December through February.
A hot, dry spring from March through May.
The summer rainy season, from June through September.
The fall is a retreating monsoon period of October and November.
The onset and duration of these seasons vary somewhat

according to location.

Extreme temperatures and humidity in Pakistan

Climate of Pakistan has great regional variation.
The difference in temperature between day and night is

immensely substantial.
The Extremely hot temperature may go up to 45C to

50+C in the summers.

The Extremely low temperature may comes to 0C or
even less in the winters.
Humidity ranges between 10% to 100%.
Points of concern are Extreme temperatures and Humidity.

Ventilation systems
Generally divided into two types:
(1) Natural air flow system
Natural air currents are allowed to enter into the house.
Fit for areas where outside temperature does not exceed 33C.
House width may be maximum around 30 feet for this system .

Conventional farms are built on this principle

Not best fit for our conditions.
(2) Mechanical air movement (fans).
Mechanical air movement is required to ventilate a house in all

climatic conditions. This system suits our climatic conditions.

Mechanical systems use electric fans as principal components to
exchange air in the building. They can be divided into two distinct
types(Positive pressure and negative pressure).

Positive pressure System:

In the positive pressure system, fans are arranged to

push fresh air in to the building.

Creates air velocity which produces wind chill effect.
For rearing at higher stock densities in extreme climatic
conditions this system is not very much effective.

Negative Pressure system:

In the negative pressure system, fans are arranged to

expel air from the building. In doing so, they create a

partial vacuum or negative pressure inside the house. The
pressure difference pulls fresh air through inlets into the
house.
The location, distribution and size of the fans and inlets
are critical if all areas of the house are to be ventilated.
We may term this system best fit for our climatic
conditions.

Negative pressure system operation in different

weathers
To discuss this system in changing climatic

conditions we may mainly divide it in to;

1-Cold Weather Ventilation (Minimum ventilation)
2-Hot Weather Ventilation (Tunnel ventilation)
3-Optimum weather ventilation (Transitional

ventilation)

Minimum Ventilation
Minimum ventilation is used to provide fresh air inside the house

during cold weather. It removes excessive moisture and

minimize the heat loss.
Fans exhaust air out of the house by creating a slight negative
pressure inside the house. Due to the negative pressure, fresh
air is pulled into the house through some planned air inlets.
The air inlets are installed either in the ceiling or high on the
house side wall. These inlets are designed to direct air across
the ceiling allowing it to mix with warmer air located there and to
heat up before coming into contact with the birds.
Check temperature and determine the heating necessity. Doing
this will help to minimize heating costs. For large scale
commercial production, you can install automatic computer
controllers.

Objectives of minimum ventilation

Provide fresh air containing oxygen and exhaust

ammonia, carbon dioxide and other gases.

Provide an adequate air exchange to control moisture.
Get rid of excessive heat if any.
Provide an in house airflow pattern that avoid chilling
birds.
Reduction in fuel cost by minimizing heat loss.

Modern house:
Tools of minimum ventilation
To achieve the objectives of minimum ventilation, certain

tools are required based on scientific principles.

Most important tools are exhaust fans and air inlets(vents)
and other accessories to operate fans and vents properly.
If we construct a new house we may have the knowledge
that how many fans and vents may be installed in that
house.

Exhaust fans
Expel air out of the
building. In market
there are different
types of fans
available with
varying capacity.
Normally for
minimum ventilation
9000 CFM capacity
fans are used but
we may also use
fans of any capacity.

Calculation:
number of fans for a house
Though this topic belongs to tunnel ventilation but to ensure

continuity we have to discuss # of fans to be installed in a

house first. Formula to calculate number of fans is as follows.
No Of Fans = Cross Section x Desired velocity
CFM of one fan
(Cross section= width * height of the house)
Desired velocity in our climatic conditions must be more than

length of the house to get less than 1 minute air change.

CFMs of air expelled by a single fan depends upon the size
and efficiency of fan recommended by the manufacturer.

Tools of minimum ventilation

Controllers: It is an electronic
device that collect information
from different sensors and
execute scheduled tasks. Static
pressure switch provide
information to controller and
controller operates power track to
open or close vents accordingly.

Inlets(vents): fresh air is pulled into

the house through vents. Vents are
distributed through out the house in
uniform pattern. Number of vents
depends upon size of vent and
40% of total capacity of fans
installed in house so that air may
pass at a velocity of 700 Feet per
minute .

Calculation;
Number of vents for a house
Area for vents=Total no of fans x cfm of one fan x 40%

700 f.p.m
Total no of vents=total area for vents

Area of one vent

(40% of total ventilation is maximum limit of minimum

ventilation).
(Air should pass across the vent at a speed of 700 fpm).
We can purchase vent of any dimension from market.
Greater the area of vent, Less would be the number of
vents and vice versa which are supposed to be installed in
house uniformly.

Tools of minimum ventilation

Static pressure sensor: sensor is
installed with controller to sense
static pressure and give feed
back to controller so that it may
open or close the vent according
to static pressure to avoid chilling.

Power track : it is an electrical

device attached mechanically to
vents and on the information of
controller, Operates the vents
according to the static pressure.

Minimum ventilation:
Tools working sequence
Tunnel Fans : Off
Min. Ventilation Fans : on
Cooling Pad : Closed
Vents : Open
Evaporative Cooling : Off
Tunnel door : Closed

Thanks for the

Attention