KLASIFIKASI

MIKROORGANISME

Taksonomi
Ilmu yang mempelajari teori klasifikasi yang
mencakup dasar prinsip serta aturan klasifikasi

Klasifikasi

Praktek taksonomi yaitu proses penataan

organisme ke dalam suatu kelompok (takson)
berdasarkan hubungan kemiripan (similaritas) atau
hubungan kekerabatan (evolusioner)
Sifat2 biokimia,
filogenetik,
Fisiologi
Genetik

Sejarah Klasifikasi
Carl Linnaeus (1735 M)
Dunia Plantae (tumbuhan)
Dunia Animalia (hewan)

Herbert Copeland (1956)

Kingdom
Kingdom
Kingdom
Kingdom

Animalia
Plantae
Protista
Monera

Animalia
Plantae
Protista
Mycota (dunia jamur)
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria

Dunia Plantae
Dunia Animalia
Dunia Protista

R.H. Whittaker
(1969)

Carl Richard Woese (1977)

Kingdom
Kingdom
Kingdom
Kingdom
Kingdom
Kingdom

Ernst Haeckel
(1866)

Dunia Monera
Dunia Protista
Dunia Fungi
Dunia Plantae
Dunia Animalia

Cavalier-Smith (1998)
Kingdom
Kingdom
Kingdom
Kingdom
Kingdom
Kingdom
Kingdom

Animalia
Plantae
Protista (protozoa)
Chromista
Eumycota
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria

Kriteria klasifikasi:
Spora atau Flagella
Hasil pewarnaan Gram
Pigmen spesifik
Aktifitas protein
Reaksi immunologi
Reaksi biokimia

Masdiana Padaga

27/02/2012

Dasar klasifikasi:

Aristoteles ( 400 SM 1800-an) : kenampakan morfologi

luar
E. Haeckel (1866): morfologi (mikroskopis) dan fisiologi

E. Chatton (1937) : struktur organisasi interna sel

(prokaryotik &
eukaryotik)
R.H. Whittaker (1969) : organisasi internal sel;
nutrisi; struktur
organisasi selular
Carl. Woese (1978) : molekul RNA ribosomal (biologi

Sistem klasifikasi:
Fenetik: berdasarkan kemiripan sifat
Filogenetik: berdasarkan hubungan

evolusi

Pendekatan/Metode
klasifikasi:
Klasifikasi klasik monotetik
Klasifikasi numerik-fenetik- politetik

(berdasarkan kesamaan morfologi)

Klasifikasi kimiawi (khemotaksonomi)
Klasifikasi molekular (taksonomi molekular)
Klasifikasi polifasik

1. Conventional Classification
Major characteristics used in conventional classification:

Feature:
constituents
Cell wall

Cell shape
Cell size

Colonial morphology
Ultrastructural

characteristics
Staining behaviour
Mechanism of
motility
Cellular inclusions
Carbon & nitrogen
sources

Energy sources
Fermentation

products
Growth temperature
optimum & range
Osmotic tolerance
Oxygen
relationships
pH optimum &
growth range
Sensitivity to
metabolic inhibitors

2. Adansonian or Numerical
Classification
Numerical taxonomy, the use of

computers.
A large number of biochemical,
morphological and cultural characteristics are used to determine the
degree of similarity between organisms
(similarity matris) and conversion to
dendogram (phenogram)

3. Phylogenetic Classification
An evolutionary arrangement of

species.
Sharing a recent ancestor as in plants
and animals (fossil records)
In bacteria?
Possible by Molecular Methods
Genetic Homology:

Base composition (GC ratio)

Nucleic acid hybridisation.
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequence analysis (16 S

rRNA dan 18 S rRNA)

Protein profiles and amino acid sequences

Tree of Life: Three Domain

Carl. Woese (1978)

Types of Eukaryotes
Algae

Protozoa

Unicellular eukaryote
Absorb or ingest organic chemicals

Has cellulose cell walls

May move using pseudopods, cilia

Gain energy through photosynthesis

or flagella
e.g. Amoeba

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Unicellular/multicellular eukaryote

Produce molecular and organic

compounds

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Fungi (singular: Fungus)

Eukaryotes
Chitin cell walls
Use organic chemicals for

energy
Molds and mushrooms
are multicellular, consists
of mycelia (composed of
filaments called hyphae)
Yeasts are unicellular
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Most Species of Eubacteria may be

Grouped Based on Staining
Gram-Negative
Lack thicker layer

of peptidoglycan
Stain pink
Endotoxins

Gram- negative

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Gram-Positive

Thicker layer of

peptidogycan
Stain purple
Exotoxins (released
when bacteria die)
Gram-positive

Viruse
s
Too small to be observed with light microscope
Consists of DNA/RNA core
Core is surrounded by protein coat
Coat may be enclosed in a lipid envelope
Viruses are replicated only when they are in living host cell
Bacteriophage-viruses that infect bacteria
Viroids-nucleic acid without protein coating
Prions- Infectious protenacious particles

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Taxonomy
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
species

Klasifikasi dan Hierarki Taksonomis:

Hierarki Taksonomis
Dom ain

Eukarya

Bakteria

Arkhaea

Dunia

Plantae

Bakteria

Arkhaea

Phylum

Anthophyta

Proteobacteria

Crenarcheota

Classis

Monocotyledoneae

Gamma Proteobacteria

Thermoprotei

Ordo

Commelinales

Enterobacteriales

Sulfolobales

Familia

Poaceae

Enterobacteriaceae

Sulfolobaceae

Genus

Zea

Salmonella

Sulfolobus

Species

Zea mays

S. dysenteriae

Slf. Metallicus

Practical taxonomy
B a c t e r ia
G r a m p o s it iv e

lG r a m n e g a t iv e

G +cocci

G ra m + ro d s

G -c o c c i

G -ro d s

a n a e r o b ic

a e r o b ic

a n a e r o b ic

a e r o b ic

a n a e r o b ic

a e r o b ic

a e r o b ic

a n a e r o b ic

P e p to s tre p to c o c c u s
P e p to c o c c u s
S a r c in a
R u m in o c o c c u s

S t a p h y lo c o c c u s
M ic r o c o c c u s
S tre p to c o c c u s
E n te ro c o c c u s

C lo s t r id iu m - s p o r e

B a c illu s
C o r y n e b a c t e r iu m
A r c a n o b a c t e r iu m
R hodococcus

V e illo n e lla
M e g a s p h o e ra

N e is s e r i a
M o r a x e lla
B r a n h a m e lla

V ib r io n a c e a e
C a m p y lo b a c t e r
H e lic o b a c t e r

B a c t e r o id e s
P o rp h y ro m o n a s
P r e v o t e lla
F u s o b a c t e r iu m

G e m e lla
P e d io c o c c u s
L e u c o n o s to c
L a c o to c o c c u s

N o n -s p o re
P r o p io n ib a c t e r iu m
M o b ilu n c u s
B ifid o b a c t e r iu m

L is t e r ia
E r y s ip e lo t r ix
G a r d n e r e lla

N O N FER M E NTER S
P seudom onas
A c in e t o b a c t e r
S t e n o t r o fo m o n a s . . . . . .

L e p t o t r ic h a
W o li n e lla

Miscellanous bacteria

Mycoplasma, Ureaplasma, Chlamydia

Ricketsiaceae
Spirochetales - Spirochetes, Leptospira, Borrelia
Mycobacterium
Nocardia , Actinomycetes,

E N T E R O B A C T E R IA C E A
B o r d e t e lla
P a s t e u r e lla
F r a n c is c e lla
B r u c e lla
H a e m o p h ilu s
L e g io n e lla
B a r t o n e lla
E ik e n e lla . . .

Naming and Classifying

microorganisms
Linnaeus system for scientific

nomenclature
Each organism has two names:
1) Genus
2) Specific epithet

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Masdiana Padaga

27/02/2012

Bacterial Taxonomy Based on

Bergeys Manual
Bergeys Manual of Determinative

Bacteriology five volume resource covering

all known procaryotes
classification based on genetic information

phylogenetic
two domains: Archaea and Bacteria
five major subgroups with 25 different phyla

Major Groups of Bacteria

Vol 1A: Domain Archaea
primitive, adapted to extreme habitats and

modes of nutrition

Vol 1B: Domain Bacteria

Vol 2-5:
Phylum Proteobacteria Gram-negative cell

walls
Phylum Firmicutes mainly Gram-positive
with low G + C content
Phylum Actinobacteria Gram-positive with
high G + C content

Tatanama (Nomenklatur):
International Code of Bacterial Nomenclature

(Sneath,
1992).
International Code of Botanical Nomenclature
(Greuter et al., 1994)
International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (Ride
et al., 1985)
Sistem binomial: nama spesies terdiri dari dua
kata
Bahasa Latin atau diperlakukan sebagai bahasa
Latin
Nama genus : diawali dengan huruf kapital e.g.
Bacillus
Penunjuk spesies : ditulis dengan huruf kecil e.g.
subtilis

Scientific Names
Italicized or underlined.

The genus is capitalized, and the specific epithet is with

lowercase
Could be as an honor for the scientist
A Latin origin

e.g. Escherichia coli (E. coli)

In
- discoverer: Theodor Escherich
intestine
- describes the habitat (colon/intestine)

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e.g. Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus)

- Clustered (staphylo), spherical (cocci) On skin
- Gold
colored colonies (aureus)
Masdiana
Padaga
27/02/2012

Binomial Nomenclature
Examples: Escherichia coli, E. coli, Escherichia spp., and
the genus Escherichia
The genus name (Escherichia) is always capitalized
The species name (coli) is never capitalized
The species name is never used without the genus name
(e.g., coli standing alone, by itself, is a mistake!)
The genus name may be used without the species
name (e.g., Escherichia may stand alone, though when
doing so it no longer actually describes a species)

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When both genus and species names are present, the

genus name always comes first (e.g., Escherichia coli,
not coli Escherichia)
Masdiana Padaga
27/02/2012

Binomial Nomenclature
Both the genus and species names are always italicized
(or underlined)always underline if writing binomials by
hand
The first time a binomial is used in a work, it must be
spelled out in its entirety (e.g., E. coli standing alone in a
manuscript is not acceptable unless you have already
written Escherichia coli in the manuscript)
The next time a biniomial is used it may be abbreviated
(e.g., E. for Escherichia) though this is done typically only
when used in combination with the species name (e.g.,
E. coli)
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27/02/2012
The species name is never abbreviated

Masdiana Padaga

Terima kasih

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Masdiana Padaga

27/02/2012