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Antenna
FOLDED DIPOLE
Folded antenna is a single antenna
but it consists of two elements.
First element is fed directly while
second one is coupled inductively at
its end.
Radiation pattern of folded dipole is
same as that of dipole antenna i.e
figure of eight (8).
LOOP ANTENNA
Radiation pattern of loop
antenna is a doughnut
pattern.
Can be circular or square
loop
No radiation is received
normal to the plane of loop
and null is obtained in this
direction.
Application:
Used
for
direction finding applications
TURNSTILE ANTENNA
A turnstile antenna is a set of two
dipole antennas aligned at right
angles to each other and fed 90
degrees out-of-phase.
The name reflects that the antenna
looks like a turnstile when mounted
horizontally.
When mounted horizontally the
antenna is nearly omnidirectional on
the horizontal plane.
RHOMBIC ANTENNA
YAGI-UDA ANTENNA
Radiation Patterns
Omni-Directional
RF Energy
Antenna
Top View
Omni-Directional Antenna
Omni-directional
Antenna Vertical
Polarized
360 degrees
Top View
Radiation Pattern
Vertical Polarization
Side View
Radiation Pattern
Vertical Polarization
360 degrees
Remains
Unchanged
Top View
Radiation Pattern
Vertical Polarization
Vertical Beam
Width (degrees)
Side View
Radiation Pattern
Vertical Polarization
Radiation Patterns
Directional
RF Energy
Antenna
Top View
RF Basics - Directional
Directional
Antennas
Radiates RF energy in one direction
3 dB Points
3 dB Points
Vertical Beam
Width
(degrees)
Horizontal
Beam Width
(degrees)
Back Lobe
Back Lobe
Top View Radiation
Pattern Vertically
Polarized
Side View
Radiation Pattern
Vertically Polarized
Horizontal Beam
Width (degrees)
Vertical Beam
Width (degrees)
Back Lobe
Back Lobe
Top View
Radiation Pattern
Vertically Polarized
Side View
Radiation Pattern
Vertically Polarized
Antenna Polarization
Directional Antenna
Vertical Polarized
Omni-directional Antenna
Vertical Polarized
Antenna Types
Approximately 3 dB gain
Antenna Types
Cone of Silence
Unity Gain
Cone of Silence
Continuation.
DISCONE ANTENNA,HELICAL
ANTENNA,UHF&MICROWAVE
ANTENNA
DISCONE ANTENNA
DISCONE ANTENNA
The feedpoint
impedance is
approximately 50-ohm
The feedpoint is located
at the intersection of
the disk and the cone.
The disk-cone
combination acts as a
transformer to match
the feedline impedance
to the impedance of the
free space , which is
377-ohms.
DISCONE ANTENNA
DISCONE ANTENNA
HELICAL ANTENNA
A HELIX is simply a
spiral. A quarter-wave
monopole antenna
can be shortened and
wound into a helix.
This is common
rubber ducky
antenna used with
many handheld
transceivers.
Sometimes it is called
a helical antenna, and
it certainly is helical in
shape.
HELICAL ANTENNA
HELICAL ANTENNA
15 NS (D)
G
2
HELICAL ANTENNA
15 NS (D)
G
2
Where:
G= gain (as ratio, not in
dB), with respect to an
isotropic radiator
N= number of turns in
the helix, N>3
S= turn spacing in
4
meters, S
D= diameter
of the helix
in meters, D
= wavelength
HELICAL ANTENNA
for the major lobe, the
3dB beamwidth (in
degrees) is
approximately
52
NS
HELICAL ANTENNA
EXAMPLE: A helical antenna with eight turns is to be
constructed for a frequency of 1.2GHz.
ANS.:
(b). 14.8dBi
2 MAIN PARTS OF
PARABOLIC ANTENNA
1. Parabolic Reflector
2. Feed Mechanism
PARABOLIC ANTENNA
PARABOLIC ANTENNA
The main advantage of a parabolic antenna is that it has
high directivity. It functions similarly to a searchlight or
flashlight reflector to direct the radio waves in a narrow
beam, or receive radio waves from one particular direction
only.
Parabolic antennas have some of the highest gains, that is,
they can produce the narrowest beamwidths, of any antenna
type
In order to achieve narrow beamwidths, the parabolic
reflector must be much larger than the wavelength of the
radio waves used,[2] so parabolic antennas are used in the
high frequency part of the radio spectrum, at UHF and
microwave (SHF) frequencies, at which the wavelengths are
small enough that conveniently-sized reflectors can be used.
PARABOLIC ANTENNA
Parabolic antennas are used as:
high-gain antennas for point-to-point communications
, in applications such as microwave relay links that
carry telephone and television signals between
nearby cities, wireless WAN/LAN links for data
communications, satellite communications and
spacecraft communication antennas.
They are also used in radio telescopes.
The other large use of parabolic antennas is for radar
antennas, in which there is a need to transmit a
narrow beam of radio waves to locate objects like
ships, airplanes, and guided missiles.[2
With the advent of home satellite television receivers,
parabolic antennas have become a common feature
of the landscapes of modern countries.
PARABOLIC ANTENNA
The parabolic antenna was invented by German
physicist Heinrich Hertz during his discovery of
radio waves in 1887. He used cylindrical parabolic
reflectors with spark-excited dipole antennas at
their focus for both transmitting and receiving
during his historic experiments.
PARABOLIC ANTENNA
The parabolic antenna was invented by German
physicist Heinrich Hertz during his discovery of
radio waves in 1887. He used cylindrical
parabolic reflectors with spark-excited dipole
antennas at their focus for both transmitting
and receiving during his historic experiments.
2 MAIN PARTS OF
PARABOLIC ANTENNA
1. Parabolic Reflector
2. Feed Mechanism
2 MAIN PARTS OF
PARABOLIC ANTENNA
A typical parabolic antenna consists of a
metal parabolic reflector with a small
feed antenna suspended in front of the
reflector at its focus,[2] pointed back
toward the reflector.
PARABOLIC REFLECTOR
The reflector is a metallic surface formed into
a paraboloid of revolution and usually
truncated in a circular rim that forms the
diameter of the antenna.
In a transmitting antenna, radio frequency
current from a transmitter is supplied through
a transmission line cable to the feed
antenna, which converts it into radio waves.
The radio waves are emitted back toward the
dish by the feed antenna and reflect off the
dish into a parallel beam.
PARABOLIC REFLECTOR
In a receiving antenna the incoming
radio waves bounce off the dish and are
focused to a point at the feed antenna,
which converts them to electric currents
which travel through a transmission line
to the radio receiver.
PARABOLIC ANTENNA
Feed Mechanism
Feed Mechanism
1. Center feed
2. Horn Feed
3. Cassegrain feed
Feed Mechanism
HORN FEED
E-plane beamwidth
E Half-power(degrees)
56
E
H Half-power H-plane beamwidth
d
E
(degrees)
56
dE
E-plane mouth
H
dimension(meters)
d
H
d H-plane mouth dimension
Reflector
It is a passive device that simply
reflects the energy radiated by the
feed mechanism into a concentrated,
highly directional emission in which
the individual waves are all in phase
with each other.
SPILLOVER
NUMERICAL APERTURE
Determines the angular aperture of
the reflector, which indirectly
determines how much the primary
radiation is reflected by the parabolic
dish
PARABOLIC ANTENNA
BEAMWIDTH
70
D
0 2
0
D
G
2
G= gain as a power
ratio (not in
2
decibels)
D= diameter of the dish
= free-space wavelength
=efficiency
D
G
2
EXAMPLE:
a. Beamwidth
b. Transmit power gain
ANS. 1.75 degrees
ANS. 39.4dB
EXAMPLE:
Ac kA
A p ( dB ) 10 log
D
5.4
EXAMPLE:
Name
57
Isotropic
Shape
360
2.14 dB
55
Turnstile
-0.86 dB
50
Full Wave
Loop
3.14 dB
200
Yagi
7.14 dB
25
Helical
10.1 dB
30
Parabolic
Dipole
14.7 dB
20
Horn
15 dB
15
Biconical
Horn
14 dB
360x200
Dipole
Radiation Pattern
Major
Difference Between Antennas And Transmission
58
Lines
transmission line uses conductor to carry voltage &
current
radio signal travels through air (insulator)
antennas are transducers
- convert voltage & current into electric & magnetic field
- bridges transmission line & air
- similar to speaker/microphone with acoustic energy
WAVEGUIDES
MICROWAVE DEVICES
Introduction
Microwaves have frequencies > 1 GHz
approx.
Stray reactances are more important as
frequency increases
Transmission line techniques must be
applied to short conductors like circuit
board traces
Device capacitance and transit time are
important
Cable losses increase: waveguides often
used instead
WAVEGUIDES
-It is essentially a
pipe through which an
electromagnetic wave
travels. As it travels
along the guide, it
reflects from the
walls.
- It is a hallow
structure that has no
center conductor but
allows waves to
propagate down its
length.
WAVEGUIDES
-are very practical
means of transmitting
electrical energy at
microwave frequencies,
as they have much
lower losses than
coaxial cable. They are
not very useful at lower
frequencies because
they must be too large
in cross section
WAVEGUIDES
-are generally useful
over only a 2:1
frequency range. They
have a lower cutoff
frequency that depends
on their dimensions,
and they exhibit
dispersion due to
multimode propagation
at high frequencies.
RECTANGULAR
WAVEGUIDE
- Rectangular waveguide
of brass or aluminum,
sometimes silver-plated on
the inside.
- Most common waveguide
CIRCULAR and
ELLIPTICAL CROSS
SECTION are also
used
Modes
Multimode Propagation
MULTIMODE
PROPAGATION
(a). for each different mode, the
ray strikes the walls of the
waveguide at a different angle. As
the angle a ray makes with the
wall of the guide becomes larger,
the distance the ray must travel
to reach the far end of the guide
becomes greater. Through
propagation in the guide are at
the speed of light, the greater
distance traveled causes the
effective velocity down the guide
to be reduced.
(b). If another pulse follows
close behind, there may be
interference between the two.
(C). The effect just described is
called DISPERSION
Mode Designations
Modes are designated as transverse electric (TE) or
transverse magnetic (TM) according to the pattern of
electric and magnetic fields within the waveguide.
Recall TEM which electric field and magnetic field are
perpendicular to the direction of travel.
When these waves travel diagonally along the
waveguide, reflecting from wall to wall, only one
component---either the electric or the magnetic field---can remain transverse to the direction of travel.
The term TE means that there is no component of the
electric field along the length of the guide.
Rectangular Waveguides
Cutoff Frequency
2a
TE10
Where
c a= longer dimension of the waveguide cross section
c
fc
2a
Example#1:
TWO(2) VELOCITIES IN A
WAVEGUIDE
Group Velocity
Group velocity
fc
v g c 1
f
g Guide wavelength
Example 2
Phase Velocity
vp
c
fc
1
f
Relationship between
phase and group velocity
v p vg c
Example # 3
Characteristic Impedance
Characteristic Impedance
Z0
377
1
Z0
2a
377
fc
f
EXAMPLE#4:
Find the characteristic impedance of the waveguide used in
Example#1, at a frequency of 5Ghz.
Ans. 570 ohms
Guide Wavelength
fc
1
f
Free-space
wavelength
g Guide wavelength
Conventional Transmission
line and the Waveguides
Coaxial Cable
WAVEGUIDES