Cis185 ROUTE Lecture2 EIGRP Part1

CCNP ROUTE
EIGRP Part 1
EIGRP Part 1
Review
Neighbor
Adjacencies and
EIGRP Reliability
EIGRP Metric
DUAL
Basic EIGRP
Configuration
Passive-Interfaces
Summarization
2 Default Route
Materials
Book:
Implementing Cisco IP
Routing (ROUTE)
Foundation Learning
Guide: Foundation
learning for the ROUTE
642-902 Exam
By Diane Teare
Book
ISBN-10: 1-58705-882-0
ISBN-13: 978-1-58705-8820
eBook
3
ISBN-10: 0-13-255033-4
ISBN-13: 978-0-13-2550338
Review
What do we remember about EIGRP?

What type of protocol is EIGRP?
Distance Vector
What are the default metrics used by EIGRP?
Bandwidth (slowest) and Delay (cumulative)
What are the optional metrics?
Reliability and Load
Note: Book also state MTU but it is not a
metric.
What algorithm is used to determine best path?
DUAL (Diffusing Update Algorithm)
5
Review of EIGRP from CCNA
Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)

Released in 1992 with Cisco IOS Software Release
9.21.
Enhancement of Ciscos:
Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP).
Both are Cisco proprietary, operate only on:

6
Cisco routers
RTP and
EIGRP
Packet Types
What transport layer protocol does

EIGRP use?
Reliable Transport Protocol (RTP)
Why doesnt EIGRP use UDP or TCP?

7
ProtocolDependent
Modules
EIGRP uses protocol-dependent modules

(PDM). to route different protocols, including:
IPv4
IPv6
Internetwork Packet Exchange (IPX)
AppleTalk
EIGRP Packet
Types Hello
Packet
What are Hello packets used for by EIGRP to:

Discover neighbors (sometimes called neighborships)
Form adjacencies with those neighbors
What is the multicast address? Hint: 224.0.0.?
224.0.0.10
Are these sent as reliable or unreliable deliver?
Unreliable delivery No ACKs returned
Hello Protocol
NBMA Link that are
All other serial interfaces

and LANs
10
Hello Protocol
NBMA Link that are
All other serial interfaces

and LANs
Default hold time - 3 times the hello

interval
If the hold time expires:
11
EIGRP declares the route as down

DUAL searches for a new path in the
topology table or by sending out queries.
It is NOT automatically adjusted if Hello
Interval is modified.
EIGRP Packet Types

Update and
Acknowledgement
Packets
EIGRP uses
triggered
updates
Update Packets Reliable Delivery

Acknowledgment (ACK) Packets
Unreliable Delivery
12
Sent when reliable delivery is used

(update, query, and reply packets).
EIGRP Packet
Types Query
and Reply
Packets
Queries and replies use reliable

delivery (Ack returned).
Used by DUAL when searching for
networks and other tasks.
13
DUAL: An Introduction
J. J. Garcia-Luna-Aceves
14
DUAL: An Introduction (More later!)

R2: Checks
Topology table
for Feasible
Successor. If no
FS
.
15
Or holdtime expires
16
Summary - RTP Packet

Types
Hellos Identifies neighbors
Used by the neighbor discovery and recovery process.

Multicast
Unreliable delivery
Acknowledgements (ACK) Acknowledges receipt
Hello packets with no data
Unicast
Unreliable delivery
Updates Advertises routes
Transmitted only when necessary
Unicast when sent to a specific router
Multicast when sent to multiple routers
Reliable delivery
Queries Ask about a route (DUAL)
Reliable delivery
Multicast or Unicast
Queries and Replies Ask about a route and answer a
query (DUAL)
Reliable delivery
Replies: Unicast
Administrative Distance
We will discuss
Administrative
Distance in
more detail in a
later chapter.
Later in this
chapter, you
learn how to
configure EIGRP
summary
routes.
17
Neighbor Adjacencies and

EIGRP Reliability
18
Configuring Hello Intervals and Hold

Times
Router(config-if)# ip hello-interval eigrp as-number seconds

Router(config-if)# ip hold-time eigrp as-number seconds
Configurable on a per-interface basis,

NOT per neighbor (LANs)
Does not have to match with other
EIGRP routers to establish
adjacencies.
19
Neighbor Table Contents
H (handle) Internal number used by the Cisco IOS.

Order in which a neighboring (peering) session was established
Starts with 0.
AddressThe neighbors IP address.
InterfaceThe outgoing interface on this router receiving hello
packets for the neighbor.
Hold TimeThe maximum time, in seconds, that the router waits to
hear from the neighbor without receiving anything from a neighbor
before considering the link unavailable.
Originally, had to be a hello packet, but in current Cisco IOS any
EIGRP packet received after the first hello from that neighbor resets
the timer.
20 UptimeTime, in HH:MM:SS since the router first heard from this
neighbor.
Start
Stop
21
Smooth Round Trip Timer (SRTT)The

average number of milliseconds it takes for
an EIGRP packet to be sent to this neighbor
and for the local router to receive an
acknowledgment of that packet.
Used to determine the retransmit
interval, a.k.a. retransmit timeout (RTO).
RTOThe amount of time, in milliseconds,
that the router waits for an acknowledgment
before retransmitting a reliable packet from
the retransmission queue to a neighbor.
Start
Stop
No ACK Returned
22
Queue countThe number of EIGRP packets (update, query, and

reply) waiting in the queue to be sent out.
If this value is constantly higher than 0, a congestion problem
might exist.
0 = no EIGRP packets in the queue.
Seq NumThe sequence number of the last update, query, or reply
packet that was received from this neighbor.
A sequence number is assigned to each reliable packet.
An explicit ACK is required for that sequence number.
Start
EIGRP Reliability
RTOThe amount of time, in milliseconds,

that the router waits for an acknowledgment
before retransmitting a reliable packet from
the retransmission queue to a neighbor.
Updates, queries and replies are sent reliably.
A sequence number is assigned and an explicit
ACK is returned for each sequence number.
Stop
No ACK Returned
16 x RTO < Hold Tim

If the RTO expires before and ACK is received, EIGRP retransmits another
copy of the packet.
A maximum of 16 times OR until the hold time expires then the
Neighbor is declared down.
When a neighbor is declared down:
The adjacency is removed
All networks reached through that neighbor are removed from the
routing table.
180 second hold time on low-speed NBMA links can be a long time to
wait.
23 Retransmission occurs after each RTO timer expires.
101
e
t
a
Upd
EIGRP Reliability
Update 100
Update 101
(in queue)
Multicast Flow
Timer expires
ACK
Upd
ate1
No A
0
CK R 0
ecei
ved
R3#Potential
show ip eigrp
interfaces
problem
on multiaccess (Frame Relay, Ethernet) media
IP-EIGRP
for processreside.
1
whereinterfaces
multiple neighbors
The next reliable multicast packet cannot be sent until all peers
Xmit Queue
Mean
Pacing Time
Multicast
Pending
have
Acknowledged
the
previous
multicast
packet.
Interface
Peers Un/Reliable SRTT
Un/Reliable
Flow Timer
Routes
If one or1 more neighbors
are
respond it299
adversely affects
Se0/1
0/0
60 slow to
0/15
0
Se0/0 all peers.
1
0/0
607
0/15
3031
0
R3#When a neighbor is slow to respond to multicasts or does not
acknowledge the multicast, the router will retransmit the packet as a

unicast.
This allows reliable multicasts to continue and speeds up
convergence without waiting for peers on lower speed links.
24
Multicast flow timer - Determines how long a router should wait

R3# show ip eigrp neighbors detail
IP-EIGRP neighbors for process 1
H
Address
Interface
3
2
10.0.0.18
Version 12.3/1.2,
10.0.0.14
Version 12.3/1.2,
10.0.0.5
Version 12.3/1.2,
10.0.0.9
Version 12.3/1.2,
1
0
Hold Uptime
SRTT
(sec)
(ms)
Se0/3
13 01:03:55
24
Retrans: 2, Retries: 0
Se0/2
14 01:04:08
29
Se0/0
13 01:09:52 607
Se0/1
12 01:10:19
60
RTO
Q Seq Type
Cnt Num
200 0 5
200
3642
13
360
21
R3#
The show ip eigrp interfaces detail

command displays a router's EIGRP Hello
25
timer setting for each enabled interface.
Initial Route Discovery

A
B
Updated
Updated
EIGRP
Neighbor
Table
Hello, I am Router A. Is anyone there?
EIGRP
Neighbor
Table
Hello, I am Router B.
Updated
EIGRP
Topology
Table
Here is all my routing information.

Im using split horizon.
Thanks for the information!

That is very nice of you.
Successor
Updated
IP
Routing
Table
26
Updated
EIGRP
Topology
Table
Successor
Here is all my routing information.

Im also using split horizon.
Thanks for the information!
Weve reached convergence.
Updated
IP
Routing
Table
Router-ID
Router(config)# router eigrp as
Router(config-router)# router-id ip-address
EIGRP Router ID is an IP address used to uniquely
identify an EIGRP router.
1. Use the IP address configured with the EIGRP
router-id command.
2. Highest IP address of any of its loopback
interfaces.
3. Highest active IP address of any of its physical
interfaces.
27
Forming Neighbor Adjacencies

Per interface/subinterface not per neighbor
The following are the most common causes of problems
with EIGRP neighbor relationships:
Unidirectional link
Uncommon subnet, primary, and secondary address mismatch
Mismatched masks
K value mismatches
Mismatched AS numbers
Stuck in active
Layer 2 problem
Access list denying multicast packets
Manual change (summary router, metric change, route filter)
Does NOT prevent neighbor relationships
28
Hello and Hold timer setting mismatch

Duplicate router IDs
IP MTU mismatch
The Metric
Metric
By default, K1 and K3 are set to 1, and K2, K4, and K5

are set to 0.
The result is that only the bandwidth and delay values
are used in the computation of the default composite
metric.
Reliability and Load are optional metrics.
30MTU is NOT a metric, never has been, never will be.
Metric
R1# show ip protocols

Routing Protocol is eigrp 1
Outgoing update filter list for all interfaces is not set
Incoming update filter list for all interfaces is not set
Default networks flagged in outgoing updates
Default networks accepted from incoming updates
EIGRP metric weight K1=1, K2=0, K3=1, K4=0, K5=0
<output omitted>
K1
K2
K3
K4
K5
The K values on R1 are set to the default.

Changing these values to other than the default is not
recommended unless the network administrator has a
very good reason to do so.
31 Cisco recommends that these values are not modified.
Metric: Displaying Interface

Values
SanJose2> show interface s0/0

Serial0/0 is up, line protocol is up
Hardware is QUICC Serial
Description: Out to Westasman
Internet address is 192.168.64.5/30
MTU 1500 bytes, BW 1544 Kbit, DLY 20000 usec,
rely 255/255, load 246/255
<output omitted>
EIGRP bandwidth uses the minimum bandwidth link

represented in 107 divided by the kilobits per second.
Show interfaces displays bandwidth in kilobits per
second.
EIGRP delay value is the sum of delays in tens of
microseconds multiplied by 256.
Show interfaces displays delay in microseconds.
Metric Calculation
For a review and examples of how

the EIGRP metric is calculate read
Chapter 2 EIGRP, EIGRP Metric
Calculation or review my CIS 82
PowerPoint presentations on EIGRP.
33
DUAL
DUAL Concepts
Diffusing Update Algorithm is the

algorithm used by EIGRP.
Determines:
best loop-free path
loop-free backup paths (which can be used
immediately)
DUAL also provides the following:

Fast convergence
Minimum bandwidth usage with bounded
updates
DUAL uses several terms that are discussed

in more detail throughout this section:
35
Successor
Feasible distance
Feasible successor
Reported distance or advertised distance
Feasible condition or feasibility condition
Successors and Feasible Successors

Feasible distance (FD) is the minimum distance (metric) along a path to a
destination network.
Reported distance (RD or AD) is the distance (metric) towards a
destination as advertised by an upstream neighbor. Reported distance is
the distance reported in the queries, the replies and the updates.
A neighbor meets the feasible condition (FC) if the reported distance by
the neighbor is less than the current feasible distance (FD) of this router.
"If a neighbors metric is less than mine, then I know the neighbor doesn't
have a loop going through me."
A feasible successor is a neighbor whose reported distance (RD) is less
than the current feasible distance (FD). Feasible successor is one who
meets the feasible condition (FC).
Your route (metric) to the network (RD to me) must be LESS than my current
route (my total metric) to that same network. If your route (metric) to the
network (RD to me) is LESS than my current route (my total metric), I will
include you as a FEASIBLE SUCCESSOR.
If your route (metric) to the network (RD to me) is MORE than my current
route (my total metric), I will NOT include you as a FEASIBLE
36
SUCCESSOR.
Example 1: Best Path (Successor)? Feasible Successor?

RD = 6,000,000
R2
FD =
6,500,000
Network X
R1
FD =
3,500,000
Which router
is the
successor?
S0/
0
S0/
1
R3
RD = 3,000,000
FD = RD + additional Delay of serial link

between R1 and neighbor. (This could also
37
be due the slowest bandwidth.)
Example 1
RD = 6,000,000
R2
FD =
6,500,000
Network X
R1
FD =
3,500,000
Is R2 a
feasible
successor?
S0/
0
S0/
1
R3
RD = 3,000,000
Successo
r
FD of 3,500,000 is the metric for

network X in the routing table for R1.
38
Example 1
NOT a Feasible
RD = 6,000,000
Successor
R2
FD =
6,500,000
Network X
R1
FD =
3,500,000
S0/
0
S0/
1
R3
RD = 3,000,000
Successo
r
RD of R2 is greater than FD through R3.

Does not meet FC.
39 No FS.
Example 1
RX
RD = 6,000,000
R2
NOT a Feasible
Successor
Network X
R1
S0/
0
S0/
1
R3
RD = 3,000,000
Successo
r
Maybe R2s path to Network X

includes R1 - Loop
40
Example 1
RD = 6,000,000
R2
R1
S0/
0
S0/
RX
NOT a Feasible
Successor
Network X
1
R3
RD = 3,000,000
Successo
r
Or maybe R2s does have a valid path to Network X.

But R1 cant tell because the distance vector update only
41
gives it distance and direction.
Example 2: Best Path (Successor)? Feasible Successor?

RD = 4,000,000
R2
FD =
5,500,000
Network X
R1
FD =
4,500,000
Feasible
Successor?
S0/
0
S0/
1
R3
RD = 3,000,000
Successo
r
FD = RD + additional Delay of serial link between R1

and neighbor. (This could also be due the slowest
42
bandwidth.)
Example 2
RD = 4,000,000
R2
FD =
5,500,000
Network X
R1
FD =
4,500,000
Feasible
Successor
S0/
0
S0/
1
R3
RD = 3,000,000
Successo
r
RD of R2 is less than (or equal to) the FD through R3.

Meets FC, there is no loop back through R1.
43
Is a FS.
Query and Reply Packets

Queries
RtrB
Replies
RtrD
RtrE
RtrA
RtrF
RtrC
RtrG
Looking for new route
If there are no Feasible Successors, the router must ask neighbors for help in
hope of finding a new, loop-free path to the destination.
Neighbor routers are compelled to reply to this query.
If a neighbor has a route, it will reply with information about the successor(s).
If not, the neighbor notifies the sender that it doesnt have a route to the
44
destination either.
Step 1
10.1.1.0/24
A
(1
)
(1)
B
(2)
D
(2
)
(1
)
The topology
45
(1
)
Step 2
10.1.1.0/24
A
(1
)
B
(2)
(1)
D
(2
)
(1
)
(1
)
Successor
Feasible Successor (AD is less than
FD)
46
Step 3
10.1.1.0/24
Unusable
(1
)
Successor still
via Router A
Unreachable
B
(2)
Successor still
via Router B
D
(2
)
(1
)
(1
)
Unusable
Router D: Sets the metric to network 10.1.1.0/24 as unreachable (1 is unreachable).

No FS (Feasible Successor) in the topology table, so the route changes from the passive state
to the Active state.
Active state: Router sends out queries to neighboring routers looking for a new successor.
Sends a query to Routers C and E for an alternative path to network 10.1.1.0/24.
Marks Routers C and E as having a query pending (q).
Router E: DUAL marks the path to network 10.1.1.0/24 through Router D as Unusable.
Router C: DUAL marks the path to network 10.1.1.0/24 through Router D as Unusable.
47
Step 4
10.1.1.0/24
A
Unusable
(1
)
Successor still
via Router A
(2)
D
(2
)
(1
)
R
Successor still
via Router B
(1
)
Unusable
Router D: DUAL receives a reply from Router C indicating no change to the path to
10.1.1.0/24
DUAL removes the query pending flag from Router C.
DUAL stays Active on network 10.1.1.0/24, awaiting a reply from Router E to its query (q).
Router E: there is no FS to network 10.1.1.0/24, because the AD from Router C (3) is not less
than the original FD (also 3).
DUAL generates a query to Router C.
DUAL marks Router C as query pending (q).
Router C: DUAL marks the path to network 10.1.1.0/24 through Router E as Unusable.48
Step 5
10.1.1.0/24
A
(1
)
Successor still
via Router A
D
(2
)
(2)
Successor still
via Router B
(1
)
(1
)
Converged
Router D: DUAL stays active on network 10.1.1.0/24, awaiting a reply from Router
E (q).
Router E: DUAL receives a reply from Router C indicating no change.
It removes the query flag from Router C.
It calculates a new FD and installs a new successor route in the topology table.
It changes the route to network 10.1.1.0/24 from Active to Passive (converged).
49
Step 6
10.1.1.0/24
A
(1
)
Successor still
via Router A
Converged
B
(2)
Successor still
via Router B
D
(2
)
(1
)
(1
)
Converged
Router D: DUAL receives a reply from Router E.

It removes the query flag from Router E.
It calculates a new FD.
It installs new successor routes in the topology table.
Two routes (through Routers C and E) have the same FD, and both are
marked as successors.
It changes the route to network 10.1.1.0/24 from Active to Passive (converged).
50
Step 7
10.1.1.0/24
A
(1
)
Successor still
via Router A
(2)
Successor still
via Router B
D
(2
)
(1
)
(1
)
Router D: Two successor routes are in the topology table for network 10.1.1.0/24.
Both successor routes are listed in the routing table, and equal-cost load
balancing is in effect.
The network is stable and converged.
Successor
No Feasible Successors
51
Basic EIGRP Configuration
Our Topology
53
Preconfigs
R1(config)# no ip domain lookup

R1(config)# line con 0
R1(config-line)# exec-timeout 0 0
R1(config-line)# logging synchronous
Configured on all routers.

54
R1
interface FastEthernet0/0
ip address 192.168.10.1 255.255.255.0
!
interface Serial0/0
bandwidth 1544
ip address 10.0.0.1 255.255.255.252
clock rate 64000
!
interface Serial0/1
bandwidth 1544
ip address 10.0.0.5 255.255.255.252
Bandwidth of 1,424 Kbps (1,424,000 bps) between R3 and R4

on bottom link
55
1544 configured on all serial links just in case.
R2
ip address 192.168.20.1 255.255.255.0
!
interface Serial0/0
bandwidth 1544
ip address 10.0.0.2 255.255.255.252
!
interface Serial0/1
bandwidth 1544
ip address 10.0.0.9 255.255.255.252
clock rate 64000
56
R3
ip address 192.168.30.1 255.255.255.0
!
interface Serial0/0
bandwidth 1544
ip address 10.0.0.6 255.255.255.252
clockrate 64000
!
interface Serial0/1
bandwidth 1544
ip address 10.0.0.10 255.255.255.252
!
interface Serial0/2
bandwidth 1544
ip address 10.0.0.13 255.255.255.252
clockrate 64000
!
interface Serial0/3
bandwidth 1424
ip address 10.0.0.17 255.255.255.252
57
clockrate 64000
R4
ip address 172.16.1.1 255.255.255.0
!
interface Serial0/0
bandwidth 1544
ip address 10.0.0.14 255.255.255.252
!
ip address 172.16.2.1 255.255.255.0
!
interface Serial0/1
bandwidth 1424
ip address 10.0.0.18 255.255.255.252
58
Configuring
EIGRP R1
R1(config)# router
R1(config-router)#
R1(config-router)#
R1(config-router)#
eigrp 1
network 10.0.0.0 0.0.0.3
network 10.0.0.4 0.0.0.3
network 192.168.10.0
Wildcard masks Specifically tells EIGRP which

interfaces to be enabled on.
If subnet mask is used IOS may convert it for the
running-config.
Lets do R2, R3 and R4 serial interfaces with wildcard
59
masks
Configuring
EIGRP
R2(config)# router
R2(config-router)#
R2(config-router)#
R2(config-router)#
eigrp 1
network 10.0.0.0 0.0.0.3
network 10.0.0.8 0.0.0.3
network 192.168.20.0
R3(config)# router
R3(config-router)#
R3(config-router)#
R3(config-router)#
R3(config-router)#
R3(config-router)#
eigrp 1
network
network
network
network
network
R4(config)# router
R4(config-router)#
R4(config-router)#
R4(config-router)#
eigrp 1
network 10.0.0.12 0.0.0.3
network 10.0.0.16 0.0.0.3
network 172.16.0.0
60
10.0.0.4 0.0.0.3
10.0.0.8 0.0.0.3
10.0.0.12 0.0.0.3
10.0.0.16 0.0.0.3
192.168.30.0
Outputs
R3# show ip route

C
D
D
D
C
C
D
C
C
61
192.168.30.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0

192.168.10.0/24 [90/2172416] via 10.0.0.5, 00:02:47, Serial0/0
172.16.0.0/16 [90/2172416] via 10.0.0.14, 00:02:39, Serial0/2
192.168.20.0/24 [90/2172416] via 10.0.0.9, 00:17:22, Serial0/1
10.0.0.0/30 is subnetted, 5 subnets
10.0.0.8 is directly connected, Serial0/1
10.0.0.0 [90/2681856] via 10.0.0.5, 00:02:57, Serial0/0
[90/2681856] via 10.0.0.9, 00:02:57, Serial0/1
Why does R3 prefer the top link to 172.16.0.0?

It is 1,544 kbps link compared to 1,424 kbps link below
What do you notice aobut the 10.0.0.0 network? How many paths?
R3 has equal cost paths to 10.0.0.0/30
Outputs
R3# show ip eigrp neighbors

H
Address
Interface
Type
3
2
1
0
R3#
10.0.0.18
10.0.0.14
10.0.0.5
10.0.0.9
Se0/3
Se0/2
Se0/0
Se0/1
Hold Uptime
SRTT
(sec)
(ms)
13 00:17:37
24
14 00:17:50
29
14 00:23:35 607
12 00:24:01
60
RTO
Seq
200
200
3642
360
Cnt
0
0
0
0
Num
5
4
13
21
Does R3 see R4 as a neighbor on both links?

62
Yes
Outputs
R3# show ip eigrp neighbors detail

H
Address
Interface
3
10.0.0.18
Version 12.3/1.2,
10.0.0.14
Version 12.3/1.2,
10.0.0.5
Version 12.3/1.2,
10.0.0.9
Version 12.3/1.2,
2
1
0
Hold Uptime
SRTT
(sec)
(ms)
Se0/3
13 01:03:55
24
Se0/2
14 01:04:08
29
Se0/0
13 01:09:52 607
Se0/1
12 01:10:19
60
R3#
Some other commands

63
RTO
Q Seq Type
Cnt Num
200 0 5
200
3642
13
360
21
Outputs
R3# show ip eigrp interfaces

IP-EIGRP interfaces for process 1
Interface
Se0/1
Se0/0
Se0/2
Se0/3
R3#
64
Peers
1
1
1
1
Xmit Queue
Un/Reliable
0/0
0/0
0/0
0/0
Mean
SRTT
60
607
29
24
Pacing Time
Un/Reliable
0/15
0/15
0/15
0/17
Multicast
Flow Timer
299
3031
143
50
Pending
Routes
0
0
0
0

What are these telling
Routing Protocol is "eigrp 1"
Outgoing update filter list for all interfaces is not set
Incoming update filter list for all interfaces is not set
Default networks flagged in outgoing updates
Default networks accepted from incoming updates
EIGRP metric weight K1=1, K2=0, K3=1, K4=0, K5=0
K values
EIGRP maximum hopcount 100
Variance, later
EIGRP maximum metric variance 1
Redistributing: eigrp 1
Automatic network summarization is in effect
Maximum path: 4
Routing for Networks:
10.0.0.4/30
Directly connected networks
10.0.0.8/30
10.0.0.12/30
10.0.0.16/30
192.168.3.0
Routing Information Sources:
Gateway
Distance
Last Update
Neighbors
10.0.0.9
90
00:03:03
10.0.0.14
90
00:03:03
10.0.0.5
90
00:03:11
65 10.0.0.18
90
00:03:03
us?
Outputs
R3# show ip eigrp topology

<output omitted>
P 10.0.0.0/30, 2 successors, FD is 2681856
via 10.0.0.9 (2681856/2169856), Serial0/1
via 10.0.0.5 (2681856/2169856), Serial0/0
<output omitted>
Feasible distance
P 172.16.0.0/16, 1 successors, FD is 2172416

via 10.0.0.14 (2172416/28160), Serial0/2
via 10.0.0.18 (2312192/28160), Serial0/3
Reported
Distance is less
than Feasible
distance
successo
r
feasible
successor
Feasible distance: if this router was the successor.

66
Outputs
R3# show ip eigrp topology all-links

P 10.0.0.0/30, 2 successors, FD is 2681856, serno 13
via 10.0.0.9 (2681856/2169856), Serial0/1
via 10.0.0.5 (2681856/2169856), Serial0/0
via 10.0.0.18 (3845632/3193856), Serial0/3
successo
r
successor
non-feasible
successor
Why does R3 show a third entry for

10.0.0.0/30?
Why is R4 a non-feasible successor?
67
Reported distance > Feasible distance

There is a loop via the lower (1424kps) link!!!
Passive Interfaces
Passive Interfaces
Two ways to prevent EIGRP from speaking sending
EIGRP messages on an interface.
1. Enable EIGRP on the interface using the EIGRP
network command and use the the passiveinterface command.
Does NOT send any EIGRP messages on the interface.
No Hellos, thus no neighbor adjacency
Prefix (interface subnet) is still advertised on other
interfaces
2. Do NOT enable EIGRP on the interface,
69
Advertise about the connected route using route

redistribution using the redistribute connected
configuration command.
More complicated
Less popular
Passive
Interfaces
R1# show ip eigrp inter

Interface
Se0/0
Se0/1
Fa0/0
Peers
1
1
0
Xmit Queue
Un/Reliable
0/0
0/0
0/0
Mean
SRTT
34
31
0
Pacing Time
Un/Reliable
0/15
0/15
0/10
Multicast
Flow Timer
163
147
0
Pending
Routes
0
0
0
The show ip eigrp interfaces command displays working

interfaces on which EIGRP has been enabled, but omits
passive interfaces.
A failure of the interface, or making the interface passive,
would omit the interface from the output of this command.
70
Passive
Interfaces
R1(config)# router eigrp 1

R1(config-router)# passive-interface fa 0/0
R1# show ip eigrp inter
Interface
Se0/0
Se0/1
R1#
Peers
1
1
Xmit Queue
Un/Reliable
0/0
0/0
Mean
SRTT
32
28
Pacing Time
Un/Reliable
0/15
0/15

R1(config-router)# network 192.168.10.0
No longer a neighbor.
71 Must include network command.
Multicast
Flow Timer
151
139
Pending
Routes
0
0
Passive
Interfaces

<output omitted>
10.0.0.0/30
10.0.0.4/30
192.168.10.0
Passive Interface(s):
FastEthernet0/0
Verifying
72
Passive
Interfaces
R4(config)# router
R4(config-router)#
R4(config-router)#
R4(config-router)#
eigrp 1
passive-interface default
no passive-interface ser 0/0
no passive-interface ser 0/1

<output omitted>
10.0.0.12/30
10.0.0.16/30
172.16.0.0
Passive Interface(s):
FastEthernet0/0
FastEthernet0/1
73
Summarization
74
Summarization
Benefits:
Smaller routing tables
Reduces Query scope:
EIGRP Query stops at a router which has a summary route
that includes the subnet listed in the Query, but not the
specific route listed in the Query
EIGRP supports summarization on any router in the

network
Trade-offs:
Can cause suboptimal routing
Packets destined for inaccessible destinations will flow
to the summarizing router before being discarded
Note: If a packet matches two routes in the routing

table, the best match will be the route with the
longest-bit-match, the route with the longer prefixlength (subnet mask).
75
EIGRP Summarization Odds and Ends

Any EIGRP router can summarize routes.
OSPF: Summarization can only take place on the ABRs
and ASBRs.
The summary route's metric is based on the lowest

metric route upon which the summary route is
based.
The summary route will use a metric equal to the
metric of the lowest metric subordinate route.
Manual summarization creates a Null0 summary on

the router doing the summarization.
R3(config)# interface serial 0/0/1
R3(config-if)# ip summary-address eigrp 1 192.168.0.0 255.255.252.0
R3# show ip route
Creates a Null0 summary
<output omitted>
route
D 76
192.168.0.0/22 is a summary, 00:00:06, Null0
The Null0 Summary Route
R1# show ip route

192.168.10.0/24 is variably subnetted, 3 subnets, 2 masks
D
192.168.10.0/24 is a summary, 00:45:09, Null0
C
192.168.10.4/30 is directly connected, Serial0/0/1
D
192.168.10.8/30 [90/3523840] via 192.168.10.6, 00:44:56, S0/0/1
D
172.16.0.0/16 is a summary, 00:46:10, Null0
C
D
172.16.2.0/24 [90/40514560] via 172.16.3.2, 00:45:09, S0/0/0
C
D 192.168.1.0/24 [90/2172416] via 192.168.10.6, 00:44:55, Serial0/0/1
EIGRP automatically includes a Null0 summary route as a

child route whenever both of the following conditions
exist:
There is at least one subnet that was learned via EIGRP.
Automatic summarization is enabled. (By default with EIGRP)
What if R1 received a packet: 172.16.4.10
It would be discarded never looking for a supernet or default route

Regardless of ip classless or no ip classless command
77 Helps prevent any routing loops between the edge and ISP
routers.
Disabling
Automatic
Summarization
172.16.0.0/
16
R3# show ip route

D
192.168.10.0/24 is a summary, 01:08:35, Null0
C
C
D
172.16.0.0/16 [90/2172416] via 192.168.10.5, 01:08:30, Serial0/0/0
C
Like RIP, EIGRP automatically summarizes

at major network boundaries using the
78 default auto-summary command.
Disabling
Automatic
Summarization
172.16.0.0/
16
172.16.0.0/
16
R3# show ip route

D
192.168.10.0/24 is a summary, 01:08:35, Null0
C
C
D
172.16.0.0/16 [90/2172416] via 192.168.10.5, 01:08:30, Serial0/0/0
C
79
Both R1 and R2 automatically summarizing.

R1 is the successor because of the difference in bandwidth.
Disabling
Automatic
Summarization
R3# show ip route

<output omitted>
D
172.16.0.0/
16
172.16.0.0/16 [90/2172416] via 192.168.10.5, 01:08:30, Serial0/0/0
Is this the best route for all 172.16.0.0 subnets?

No, suboptimal routing may occur.
R3 will route all packets destined for 172.16.2.0 through
R1.
Solution?
80
Need R1 and R2 to send individual subnets.

R1 and R2 must stop automatically summarizing
172.16.0.0/16.
Disabling Automatic Summarization

R1(config-router)# no auto-summary
%DUAL-5-NBRCHANGE: IP-EIGRP(0) 1: Neighbor 172.16.3.2 (Serial0/0/0) is
resync: summary configured
down: peer restarted
up: new adjacency
<output omitted>
81
Automatic summarization can be disabled with the no auto-summary.

The router configuration command eigrp log-neighborchanges is on
by default on some IOS implementations. .

R1# show ip route
C
D
C
D
C
D

192.168.10.4 is directly connected, Serial0/0/1
192.168.10.8 [90/3523840] via 192.168.10.6, 00:16:55, S0/0/1
172.16.2.0/24 [90/3526400] via 192.168.10.6, 00:16:53, S0/0/1
192.168.1.0/24 [90/2172416] via 192.168.10.6, 00:16:52, Serial0/0/1
R1 no more Null0 summary routes:

D
192.168.10.0/24 is a summary, 00:45:09, Null0
D
172.16.0.0/16 is a summary, 00:46:10, Null0
What does this mean?
This means any packets for their parent networks that do not
match a child route, the routing table will check supernet and
default routes.
82
Unless no ip classess is used

R2# show ip route
D
C
D
C
C
C
D

192.168.10.4 [90/3523840] via 192.168.10.10, 00:15:44, S0/0/1
172.16.1.0/24 [90/3526400] via 192.168.10.10, 00:15:44, S0/0/1
10.1.1.0 is directly connected, Loopback1
192.168.1.0/24 [90/3014400] via 192.168.10.10, 00:15:44, S0/0/1
R2 no more Null0 summary routes :

D
192.168.10.0/24 is a summary, 00:00:15, Null0
D
172.16.0.0/16 is a summary, 00:00:15, Null0
83
172.16.0.0/
16
R3# show ip route
172.16.0.0/
16
C
C
D
D
D
C

172.16.1.0/24 [90/2172416] via 192.168.10.5, 00:00:11, S0/0/0
172.16.2.0/24 [90/3014400] via 192.168.10.9, 00:00:12, S0/0/1
172.16.3.0/30 [90/41024000] via 192.168.10.5, 00:00:12, S0/0/0
[90/41024000] via 192.168.10.9, 00:00:12, S0/0/1
Why does R3s routing table now have two equal-cost paths to
172.16.3.0/24?
84
Shouldnt the best path only be through R1 with the 1544-Mbps link?
Disabling
Automatic
Summarization
R3# show ip route

<output omitted>
D
172.16.0.0/
16
172.16.0.0/
16
172.16.3.0/30 [90/41024000] via 192.168.10.5, 00:00:12, S0/0/0

[90/41024000] via 192.168.10.9, 00:00:12, S0/0/1
The slowest link is the 64-Kbps link
85
Manual Summarization
EIGRP can be configured to summarize routes,

whether or not automatic summarization (autosummary) is enabled.
86 Modified topology.
Manual
Summarization
R3(config)# interface loopback 2

R3(config-if)# ip address 192.168.2.1 255.255.255.0
R3(config-if)# interface loopback 3
R3(config-if)# ip address 192.168.3.1 255.255.255.0
R3(config-if)# router eigrp 1
87
Add two more networks to R3.

Configure EIGRP network statements.
Manual
Summarization
Only pertinent routes shown
192.168.1.0/2
4,
192.168.2.0/2
4,
192.168.3.0/2
4
192.168.1.0/2
4,
192.168.2.0/2
4,
192.168.3.0/2
4
R1#
D
D
D
show ip route
192.168.1.0/24 [90/2172416] via 192.168.10.6, 02:07:38, S0/0/1
192.168.2.0/24 [90/2297856] via 192.168.10.6, 00:00:34, S0/0/1
192.168.3.0/24 [90/2297856] via 192.168.10.6, 00:00:18, S0/0/1
R2#
D
D
D
show ip route
192.168.1.0/24 [90/3014400] via 192.168.10.10, 02:08:50, S0/0/1
192.168.2.0/24 [90/3139840] via 192.168.10.10, 00:01:46, S0/0/1
192.168.3.0/24 [90/3139840] via 192.168.10.10, 00:01:30, S0/0/1
88
Instead of sending three separate networks, R3 can summarize the

192.168.1.0/24, 192.168.2.0/24, and 192.168.3.0/24 networks as a
single route.
Determining the Summary EIGRP Route
1. Write out the networks that you want to summarize in binary.

2. Find the matching bits.
Count the number of leftmost matching bits, which in this
example is 22.
This number becomes your subnet mask for the summarized
route: /22 or 255.255.252.0.
3. To find the network address for summarization, copy the
matching 22 bits and add all 0 bits to the end to make 32 bits.
The
result is the summary network address and mask for
89
192.168.0.0/22
Configure EIGRP
Manual
Summarization
192.168.0.0/
22
192.168.0.0/
22
Router(config-if)# ip summary-address eigrp as-number network-address

subnet-mask
R3# show ip route
Creates a Null0 summary
<output omitted>
route
D 192.168.0.0/22 is a summary, 00:00:06, Null0
Because R3 has two EIGRP neighbors, the EIGRP manual summarization in

90 configured on both Serial 0/0/0 and Serial 0/0/1.
Verify EIGRP
Manual
Summarization
192.168.0.0/
22
192.168.0.0/
22
R1# show ip route

<output omitted>
D 192.168.0.0/22 [90/2172416] via 192.168.10.6, 00:01:11, Serial0/0/1
R2# show ip route
<output omitted>
D 192.168.0.0/22 [90/3014400] via 192.168.10.10, 00:00:23, Serial0/0/1
91
Fewer number of total routes in routing tables

Faster routing table lookup process more efficient.
Summary routes also require less bandwidth and memory
Single route can be sent rather than multiple individual routes.
NOTE: The minimum metric of specified routes is used as the
metric of the summary route.
Default Route
92
EIGRP Default
Route
Default
Route
Redistribute
default
static route
in EIGRP
updates
The ISP router in our topology

does not physically exist. By
using a loopback interface, we
can simulate a connection to
another router.
R2(config)# ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 loopback 1

R2(config-router)# redistribute static
Unlike RIP and OSPF, EIGRP does not propagate a 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0
by default.
Two ways to propagate a static default route in EIGRP:
Redistribute static
Network command
93 redistributestaticwill redistribute all static routes by default.
EIGRP Default
Route
Default
Route
Redistribute
default
static route
in EIGRP
updates
Only static default route

shown, other output omitted.
R1# show ip route

Gateway of last resort is 192.168.10.6 to network 0.0.0.0
D*EX
94
0.0.0.0/0 [170/3651840] via 192.168.10.6, 00:02:14, S0/0/1
D: This static route was learned from an EIGRP routing update.

*: The route is a candidate for a default route.
EX: The route is an external EIGRP route, in this case a static route
outside of the EIGRP routing domain.
170: This is the AD of an external EIGRP route.
EIGRP Default
Route
Default
Route
R2(config)# ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 loopback 1

The network 0.0.0.0 command will propagate a default route as a

result of the static default route.
95
EIGRP Default-network
Default
Route
96
Redistribute
default
static route
in EIGRP
updates
There is another method to propagate a default route in EIGRP,

using the ip default-network command.
EIGRP Defaultnetwork
defaultnetwork
R2(config)# ip default-network 10.0.0.0

ip default-network network-number
network-number - Network of last-resort gateway that will be
announced to all other routers.
R2s routing table:
10.0.0.0 will be shown as the gateway of last resort
This network is propagated in EIGRP as a gateway of last resort
97
If a subnet is specified IOS will install a static route in the
A few commands
98
show ip eigrp traffic
Displays the number of various EIGRP packets sent and

received
99
debug ip
eigrp traffic
Displays the
types of EIGRP
packets sent
and received
by the router
on which this
command is
executed.
See example
in Chapter 2
for a detailed
explanation of
100this output.
debug ip eigrp
Displays
general
debugging
information.
See example
in Chapter 2
for a detailed
explanation
of this
output.
101

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CCNP ROUTE

What do we remember about EIGRP?

Review of EIGRP from CCNA

Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)

Both are Cisco proprietary, operate only on:

What transport layer protocol does

Why doesnt EIGRP use UDP or TCP?

EIGRP uses protocol-dependent modules

What are Hello packets used for by EIGRP to:

NBMA Link that are

All other serial interfaces

NBMA Link that are

All other serial interfaces

Default hold time - 3 times the hello

EIGRP declares the route as down

EIGRP Packet Types

Update Packets Reliable Delivery

Sent when reliable delivery is used

Queries and replies use reliable

DUAL: An Introduction (More later!)

Summary - RTP Packet

Used by the neighbor discovery and recovery process.

Neighbor Adjacencies and

Configuring Hello Intervals and Hold

Router(config-if)# ip hello-interval eigrp as-number seconds

Configurable on a per-interface basis,

Neighbor Table Contents

H (handle) Internal number used by the Cisco IOS.

Neighbor Table Contents

Smooth Round Trip Timer (SRTT)The

Neighbor Table Contents

Queue countThe number of EIGRP packets (update, query, and

RTOThe amount of time, in milliseconds,

16 x RTO < Hold Tim

acknowledge the multicast, the router will retransmit the packet as a

Multicast flow timer - Determines how long a router should wait

Neighbor Table Contents

The show ip eigrp interfaces detail

Initial Route Discovery

Hello, I am Router A. Is anyone there?

Here is all my routing information.

Thanks for the information!

Here is all my routing information.

Forming Neighbor Adjacencies

Does NOT prevent neighbor relationships

Hello and Hold timer setting mismatch

By default, K1 and K3 are set to 1, and K2, K4, and K5

R1# show ip protocols

The K values on R1 are set to the default.

Metric: Displaying Interface

SanJose2> show interface s0/0

EIGRP bandwidth uses the minimum bandwidth link

For a review and examples of how

Diffusing Update Algorithm is the

DUAL also provides the following:

DUAL uses several terms that are discussed

Successors and Feasible Successors

Example 1: Best Path (Successor)? Feasible Successor?

FD = RD + additional Delay of serial link

FD of 3,500,000 is the metric for

RD of R2 is greater than FD through R3.

Maybe R2s path to Network X