Electrical Engineering Week 1 Slides

EECS 2602
Signals and Systems in Continuous Time

Winter 2016
EECE 2602 -- Signals and Systems in Continuous Time
Contact information
Instructor:
John Lam
Office: Lassonde Building 1012G

E-mail:
johnlam@cse.yorku.ca
Office hours:
Monday 3:30pm 4:30pm, Friday 11am 12pm
Grading
10 marked assignments
(1% each, 10% in total)
4 labs in total
3 in-class quizzes
Midterm test
(20%)
Final exam
(40%)
Labs begin next Monday (Jan 11) and Friday (Jan 15)
Course website: http://www.eecs.yorku.ca/course_archive/2015-16/W/2602/
Course Overview
Introduction
Continuous time (CT) signals and systems

Properties of CT signals
Signal representations
Complex numbers, complex signals

Fourier series
Linear Systems Analysis
Linear time-invariant (LTI) systems

Convolution
Laplace Transform
Fourier Analysis
Applications
CT filter design and characteristics

RLC circuit analysis
Linear feedback systems
4
Course Schedule
Week 1 3:
Properties of CT signals, complex signals, classification of systems

Quiz 1 (Week 3)
LAB1
Week 4 6:
Linear time-invariant (LTI) systems, impulse response, convolution

Quiz 2 (Week 6)
LAB2
Week 7 8:
Fourier analysis, frequency response of a system

Midterm (Week 8)
LAB3
Week 9 11:
Laplace transform, transfer function of linear systems, filter design

Quiz 3 (Week 11)
LAB4
Week 12:
Linear feedback and control

Review
Week 1 Introduction to signals

(Textbook: Ch. 1)
Introduction Signals
What is a Signal?
Convey information about time-varying physical phenomena.
Example in electrical engineering: current or voltage signal
Mathematically speaking, signals are modeled as function of one or more
independent variables. Examples of independent variables used to represent
signals are time, frequency.
Introduction Systems
What is a System?
Mathematically speaking, a system is defined as an entity that processes a set
of signals and produces another set of signals
Also called Single-Input Single-Output (SISO) system
Also called Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) system

8
Introduction Signals and Systems

Example: electrical signal
Example: image signal
Signal
System
Signal
System
Continuous-time (CT) signals

If a signal is defined for all values of the independent variable t, it is called a
continuous-time (CT) signal.
Examples:
CT signals are the focus in this course
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10
Discrete-time (DT) signals

If a signal is defined only at discrete values of time (i.e. data points of the signal
are not continuously connected), it is called a discrete-time (DT) signal.
Examples:
DT signals will be discussed in your 3rd year signal course
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Types of CT signals
A signal is usually described based on the following properties:
1. Periodic or aperiodic
2. Even or odd
3. Signal operations: time-shifted or time-scaled
4. Combination of elementary signals
5. Energy and power signal
6. Complex signals
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12
Types of CT signals
2. Even or odd
5. Energy or power signal
6. Complex signals
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Periodic signals
A CT signal x(t) is periodic if:
x t x t T0
The smallest positive value of T0 that satisfies the periodicity condition is referred
to as the fundamental period of x(t)
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14
Periodic signals
A typical example of a periodic signal is a sinusoidal function represented by:
x t A sin 2f 0t
A = amplitude
f0 = fundamental frequency [Hertz]
= phase shift [radians]
2f0 = fundamental angular frequency (0) [radians/sec]
T0 = 1/ f0 = fundamental period [sec]
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15
Periodic signals
A typical example of a periodic signal is a sinusoidal function represented by:
x t A sin 2f 0t
0 = 2f0 = fundamental angular frequency [radians/sec]
T0 = 1/ f0 = fundamental period [sec]
The fundamental period of a sinusoidal function is also given by: T0
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2
0
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Periodic signals
Example: What is the fundamental period of the following CT signal:
x t 0.5 cos 3t
fundamental period:
2 2 2
T0
0 3 3
All the sine, cosine, tangent signals are periodic signals.
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Periodic signals
cos t
x t
0
This is NOT a periodic signal.
3/ 2 t 3/ 2
otherwise
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
time
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Periodic signals
x t sin 2t sin 4t
If we let :
x1 t sin 2t
x2 t sin 4t
Fundamental angular frequency of x1(t) is: 2 rad/s
Fundamental angular frequency of x2(t) is: 4 rad/s
The angular frequency of x2(t) is 2 times the angular frequency of x1(t). We
called x2(t) the 2nd harmonic of x1(t)
In general, a signal xm(t) with an angular frequency that is m times the
angular frequency of of x(t). We called xm(t) the mth harmonic of x(t)
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19
Linear combination of two signals

A signal g(t) that is a linear combination of two periodic signals, x1(t) with
fundamental period T1 and x2(t) with fundamental period T2 as follows:
g t ax1 t bx2 t
is periodic if and only if :
T1 m
rational
T2 n
number
The fundamental period of g(t) is given by nT1 = mT2 provided that the values
of m and n are chosen such that the greatest common divisor between m and
n is 1.
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20

x t sin 2t sin 4t
If we let :
x1 t sin 2t
x2 t sin 4t
So:
T1
2
T2
T1 2 2 1
T2 2 4 1 2
, which is a rational number
The fundamental period is nT1 = 1(1) = 1 or mT2 = 2(1/2) = 1
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21

Graphical representation of x(t) in MATLAB:
x t sin 2t sin 4t
Period = 1
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0.5
1.5
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Types of CT signals
2. Even or odd
6. Complex signals
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Odd and even signals

A CT signal xeven(t) is said to be an even signal if :
xeven t xeven t
Symmetrical about the y-axis
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A CT signal xodd(t) is said to be an odd signal if :
xodd t xodd t
Symmetrical about the x-axis
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Properties of odd and even signals
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Properties of odd and even signals
4. A CT odd signal is always zero at t = 0

5. Integration of a CT odd signal within the limits:
T
x t dt 0
odd
6. Integration of a CT even signal within the limits:

T
x t dt 2 x t dt
even
even
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If a signal x(t) is classified in the neither odd nor even category, the signal can
be expressed as a sum of even and odd signals:
x t xeven t xodd t
where
and
xeven t x t x t
2
1
xodd t x t x t
2
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Periodic signals
Example: Is the previous example CT signal odd or even, or neither of them?
x t sin 2t sin 4t
Example: Is the following CT signal odd or even, or neither of them?
y t sin 2t cos 4t 1
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Types of CT signals
2. Even or odd
6. Complex signals
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Signal operations
Time shifting:
Consider a CT signal x2(t) obtained by shifting another signal x(t) by T time units,
x2 t x t T
the time-shifted signal x2(t) is expressed as:
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Signal operations
Time scaling:
A CT signal x(t) scaled by a factor c in the time domain is denoted by x(ct).
If c >1, the signal is compressed by a factor of c.
If 0 < c < 1, the signal is expanded.
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Signal operations
Example: Consider the following CT signal x(t)
x t 1 sin t
4
a. Sketch x(t)
b. What is the fundamental period?
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33
Signal operations
Graphical representation in MATLAB:
Period = 2
2
1.5
amplitude
0.5
-0.5
-1
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.1
1.2
1.3
time
1.4
1.5
x t 1 sin t
4
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
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34
Types of CT signals
2. Even or odd
6. Complex signals
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35
Elementary signals
Elementary signals are used frequently to represent more complicated signals.
Examples of these signals are:
1) Unit-step function
2) Rectangular function
3) Ramp function
4) Signum (or sign) function
5) Sinc function
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36
Elementary signals
Unit step function u(t):
1
u t
0
t0
t0
u(t) is piecewise continuous with a discontinuity at t = 0
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37
Elementary signals
Rectangular pulse function rect(t/):
t 1
rect
0
t / 2
t / 2
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Elementary signals
Signum or sign function sgn(t):
1 t0
sgn t
0 t0
1 t0
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Elementary signals
A ramp function r(t):
t t0
r t
0 t0
A ramp function can be expressed as a function of the unit step function u(t):
r t tu t
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Elementary signals
Sinc function sinc(t):
sin 0t
sin c 0t
0t
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Elementary signals
Example: Consider the following CT signal x(t), determine and plot the timeshifted version of x(t - 1), is this a periodic signal?
x t e t u t
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Elementary signals
Example: Sketch the following CT signal x(t)
x t 2 u sin 2t
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Types of CT signals
2. Even or odd
5. Energy and power signals
6. Complex signals
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Energy and Power signals

What are energy and power signals?
Instantaneous power of a real-valued CT signal x(t) at time t = t0 is given as:
pinst t0 x 2 t0
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Energy of a CT signal
Recall that energy is related to the instantaneous power pinst(t), where W =
energy:
dW
pinst t
dt
The energy present in a CT signal x(t) within a given time interval T1 < t < T2 is:
E(T1 ,T2 )
T2
x t
dt
T1
Likewise, the total energy (Ex) in the CT signal x(t) is:
Ex
x t
dt
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Power of a CT signal
Power is defined as energy per unit time.
The average power of a CT signal x(t) over the interval < t < is:
T /2
1
2
Px T lim
x t dt
T T / 2
For periodic signals, the average power (Px) in the CT signal x(t) is calculated
from one period of the signal as follows:
1
Px
T0
t1 T0
x t
dt
t1
T0 is the fundamental period of x(t)

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47

A signal x(t) is called an energy signal if the total energy Ex has a non-zero finite
value, that is, 0 < Ex <
A signal is called a power signal if it has non-zero finite power, that is, 0 < Px <
Note that a signal cannot be both an energy and a power signal simultaneously.
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48

Example: Consider the following CT signal x(t), calculate the average power and
energy in the signal. Classify the signal as power or energy signal?
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49

Example: Consider the following CT signal x(t), calculate the average power and
energy in the signal.
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50

We have demonstrated that the following signal is not periodic, what is the
energy and average power in this signal?
cos t
x t
0
3/ 2 t 3/ 2
otherwise
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51
CT unit impulse function

The unit impulse function (t) also known as Dirac delta function is defined in
terms of the following two properties:
1.
t 0,
2.
t0
Area of (t) = 1
t dt 1
The unit impulse function (t) is an example of an even function, i.e. (t) = (-t)
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Properties of CT impulse function

1. Integrating a unit impulse function results in one, provided that the limits of
integration enclose the origin of the impulse
A
T A t t0 dt 0
T
T t0 T
for
elsewhere
2. When an arbitrary CT function x(t) is multiplied by a shifted impulse function,

the product is given by:
x t t t 0 x t 0 t t 0
Multiplication of a CT function and produces an impulse function, which has
an area equal to the value of the CT function at the location of the impulse
x t t t dt x t
0
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Properties of CT impulse function

3. The unit impulse function can be obtained by taking the derivative of the unit
step function:
du
t
dt
4. The unit step function is obtained by integrating the unit impulse function:
t
u t d
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54
CT unit impulse function

What is the output of the following expression:
t 5 t 3 dt
What is the output of the following expression:
5 jt
t dt
5
7t
What is y(t) if:
y t 7 4 d
t
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55
Review on complex numbers

Any complex number x = a + jb with real number a and imaginary b can be
represented on a complex plane:
ry
rx
The complex number x can also be represented by a vector r originating from

the coordinate (0,0) with magnitude r and phase angle .
The projection of the vector r onto the horizontal axis is denoted by rx:
rx r cos
Likewise, the projection of r onto the vertical axis is denoted by :
ry r sin
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56

Magnitude of the vector or the complex number x is given by:
r rx2 ry2 x a 2 b 2
The angle that the vector makes with the horizontal axis is given by:
tan 1 ry rx
Hence, a complex number x can be represented by its magnitude and phase

angle.
x r cos jr sin r cos j sin
Based on Eulers formula:
e j cos j sin
x re j
Polar form of a + jb
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57

Simply the following and express the final answer in polar form:
5e j 2
j 1 j
2 e 1 j
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EECS 2602

Signals and Systems in Continuous Time

EECE 2602 -- Signals and Systems in Continuous Time

Office: Lassonde Building 1012G

Monday 3:30pm 4:30pm, Friday 11am 12pm

EECE 2602 -- Signals and Systems in Continuous Time

(1% each, 10% in total)

(3% each, 12% in total)

(6% each, 18% in total)

Course website: http://www.eecs.yorku.ca/course_archive/2015-16/W/2602/

EECE 2602 -- Signals and Systems in Continuous Time

Continuous time (CT) signals and systems

Complex numbers, complex signals

Linear Systems Analysis

Linear time-invariant (LTI) systems

CT filter design and characteristics

EECE 2602 -- Signals and Systems in Continuous Time

Properties of CT signals, complex signals, classification of systems

Linear time-invariant (LTI) systems, impulse response, convolution

Fourier analysis, frequency response of a system

Laplace transform, transfer function of linear systems, filter design

Linear feedback and control

EECE 2602 -- Signals and Systems in Continuous Time

Week 1 Introduction to signals

EECE 2602 -- Signals and Systems in Continuous Time

EECE 2602 -- Signals and Systems in Continuous Time

Also called Single-Input Single-Output (SISO) system

Also called Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) system

EECE 2602 -- Signals and Systems in Continuous Time

Introduction Signals and Systems

Example: image signal

EECE 2602 -- Signals and Systems in Continuous Time

Continuous-time (CT) signals

CT signals are the focus in this course

EECE 2602 -- Signals and Systems in Continuous Time

Discrete-time (DT) signals

DT signals will be discussed in your 3rd year signal course

EECE 2602 -- Signals and Systems in Continuous Time

EECE 2602 -- Signals and Systems in Continuous Time

EECE 2602 -- Signals and Systems in Continuous Time

EECE 2602 -- Signals and Systems in Continuous Time

EECE 2602 -- Signals and Systems in Continuous Time

EECE 2602 -- Signals and Systems in Continuous Time

All the sine, cosine, tangent signals are periodic signals.

EECE 2602 -- Signals and Systems in Continuous Time

EECE 2602 -- Signals and Systems in Continuous Time

EECE 2602 -- Signals and Systems in Continuous Time

Linear combination of two signals

is periodic if and only if :

EECE 2602 -- Signals and Systems in Continuous Time

Linear combination of two signals

, which is a rational number

The fundamental period is nT1 = 1(1) = 1 or mT2 = 2(1/2) = 1

EECE 2602 -- Signals and Systems in Continuous Time

Linear combination of two signals

EECE 2602 -- Signals and Systems in Continuous Time

EECE 2602 -- Signals and Systems in Continuous Time

Odd and even signals

Symmetrical about the y-axis

EECE 2602 -- Signals and Systems in Continuous Time

Odd and even signals

Symmetrical about the x-axis

EECE 2602 -- Signals and Systems in Continuous Time