Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Nama
: Ny E
Umur
: 42 thn
Pekerjaan : ibu rumah tangga
Alamat
: Kiara condong
Agama
: Islam
Suku
: Sunda
Tgl Masuk RSHS : 12 Februari 2007
Tgl pemeriksaan : 19 Februari 2007
Heteroanamnesa
alasan di opname: gelisah, marah-marah, menggigit
ayah.
RIWAYAT PENYAKIT SEKARANG
sejak Januari 2006 setelah pulang dari RS Riau os tidak
pernah kontrol lagi ( tidak ada yang mengantar, kadangkadang os tidak mau kontrol) dan tidak teratur minum
obat. 3 hari setelah sampai di rumah, os kembali gelisah,
mondar-mandir, sulit tidur, banyak makan. Os menjadi
banyak bicara bila diajak bicara menyambung, mengenal
orang disekitarnya, sering gonta-ganti pakaian
alasannya pakaian basah atau kotor.
Sebelum
masuk
rumah
sakit,pasien
memecahkan kaca lemari ketika sedang
bertengkar dengan ayah dan kakaknya karena
pasien dilarang buang air besar di luar rumah
dan juga karena pasien mengompol.
Gambaran Umum
Pikiran
Bentuk
Jalan
Isi
:
: koheren
: - Waham Kebesaran
- Waham Dosa
Gangguan Persepsi
Halusinasi: Halusinasi visual dan auditori
(melihat dan dengar setan)
Ilusi
: Tidak ada
: biasa
: senang
: senang
: Kompos
3.Orientasi
a. Waktu
: Tidak terganggu
b. Tempat
: Tidak terganggu
c. Orang
: Tidak terganggu
4. Konsentrasi & berhitung : Kesan tidak
terganggu
5. Ingatan
a. Masa lalu
: Tidak terganggu
b. Masa kini
: Tidak terganggu
c. Segera
: Tidak terganggu
6. Pengetahuan
: Sesuai tingkat
pendidikan
Kepala
Mata :
Conjunctiva
: Tidak anemis
Sklera
: Tidak ikterik
Pupil
: Bulat, Isokor ODS 3 mm
Pergerakan
: Baik Segala Arah
Refleks Cahaya
: D : +/+ ; I : +/+
Telinga
: Tidak ada kelainan
Mulut
: Tidak ada kelainan
Hidung
: Tidak ada kelainan
Leher :
KGB
: tidak teraba membesar
JVP
: Tidak meningkat
Perhatian
Persepsi
: senang
: Kompos mentis
: Ada / Adekuat
: Tempat
: Baik
Waktu
: Baik
Orang
: Baik
: Baik
: Halusinasi Visual (+)
Halusinasi Auditori (+)
Ingatan
Intelegensia
Pikiran
Penilaian
: Masa kini
: Baik
Masa dulu
: Baik
Segera
: Baik
: Rata-rata
: Bentuk : Realistik
Jalan
: Baik
Isi
: Baik
: Norma sosial : Cukup
Waham : (+)
IOI
Emosi
Dekorum
: Baik
: Baik
: Sopan santun
: Baik
Cara berpakaian : Baik
Kebersihan
: Baik
Tingkah laku dan bicara : Normoaktif,
Relevan
V. DIAGNOSIS MULTIAXIAL
Aksis I
: F 25.0 Gangguan
skizoafektif tipe manik
Aksis II
: Tidak ada diagnosis
Aksis III
: Tidak ada diagnosis
Aksis IV
: Tidak ada diagnosis
Aksis V
: GAF Scale waktu diperiksa
60-51 (gejala sedang dan disabilitas
sedang)
VIII. PROGNOSA
Quo ad vitam
Quo ad Functionam
: Ad bonam
: Dubia ad bonam
Affective Disorder
Definition
Manifestations
Mood may be normal, elevated or depressed
Normal persons has a wide range of moods and are in
control of their moods and affects
In mood disorders the sense of control is loss
Patients with an elevated mood demonstrates
expansiveness, flight of ideas, decreased sleep,
heightened self-esteem and grandiose ideas
Patients with depressed mood show loss of energy and
interest, feelings of guilt, difficulty in concentrating, loss
of appetite, and thoughts of death and suicide
These disorders virtually always results in impaired
interpersonal, social and occupational functioning
Epidemiology
Incidence and prevalence
Major depressive disorder has a lifetime prevalence of
15 % in medical patients
Bipolar I is less common with a lifetime prevalence of
1%
Sex
Manic episodes are more common in men
Depressive episodes are more common in women
Age
Onset of bipolar I is earlier that MDD
Age of onset in bipolar I ranges from
childhood to 50 years, with mean age of 30
Mean age of MDD is about 40 years
Marital status
MDD occurs most often in persons without
close interpersonal relationships or in those
who are divorced or seperated
Treatment
Pharmacotherapy
Lithium mood stabilizer
Anticonvulsants (eg. Carbamazepine or valproic acid)
Psychotherapy
Supportive therapy, family therapy
ECT
Works well in treatment of manic episodes
Schizophrenia
A psychiatric disorder characterized by a
constellation of abnormalities in thinking,
emotion and behavior
In general the symptoms of schizophrenia
are broken up in 2 categories:
Positive symptoms: hallucinations,
delusions, bizarre behavior or thought disorder
Negative symptoms: blunted affect,
anhedonia, apathy and inattentiveness
Etilogy
A. Stress-diathesis Model
A person may have a specific vulnerability
(diathesis) that, when acted on by a stressful
influence, allows the symptoms of
schizophrenia to develop
B. Dopamine Hypothesis
This theory posits that schizophrenia results
from too much dopaminergic activity
C. Neuropathology
neuropathological and neurochemical abnormalities in
the cerebral cortex, the thalamus and the brainstem
Loss of brain volume in schizophrenic patients appear to
result from reduced density of the axons,dendrites and
synapses
D. Genetic Factors
A person is likely to have schizophrenia when other
members of the family have the disorder
Long arm of chr 5, 11 and 18, the short arm of chr 19,
and X chromosomes
E. Psychosocial Factor
Freud postulated that schizophrenia results from
developmental fixations that occurred early in the
development of neuroses.
Ego disintegration in schizophrenia represents a return
to the time when ego was not yet developed. Thus
intrapsychic conflict arising from the early fixations and
the ego defect, which may have resulted from poor early
object relations, fuel the psychotic symptoms.
The ego defect affects the interpretation of reality and
the control of inner drives. The disturbance results from
distortions in the relationship between infant and the
mother
To Henry Sullivan, schizophrenia is an adaptive method
to avoid panic, terror and disintegration of the sense of
self
Diagnosis (DSM-IV)
A. Characteristic symptoms: 2 or more of the
following each present for a significant portion
of time during a 1 month period
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Delusions
Hallucinations
Disorganized speech
Grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior
Negative symptoms, ie.,affective flattening, alogia,
or avolition
Subtypes
Paranoid Type
Disorganized Type
Catatonic Type
Undifferentiated Type
Residual Type
Treatment
Hospitalization
Pharmacotherapy
Dopamine receptor antagonist
Serotonin-dopamine antagonist
Other drugs: lithium, anticonvulsants
Psychosocial therapies
Shcizoaffective Disorder
Definition
1933- Jacob Kasanin introduced the term
schizoaffective disorder to refer to a
disorder with symptoms of both
schizophrenia and mood disorders
Epidemiology
Lifetime prevalence is less than 1%
Lower in men than women
Age of onset for women is later than that of men
Etiology
The cause is unknown
Similar to etiology of schizophrenia, mood
disorders
B.
C.
D.
Treatment
Mood stabilizers mainstay of treatment
Carbamazepine
Binds to voltage-dependent Na channels in
inactive stage
prolonging inactivation
reduces Ca channel activation
reduce synaptic transmission
Adverse effect: rash, leukopenia
Lithium
Therapeutic mechanism of action for lithium
remains uncertain