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SIMULATION AND ANALYSIS OF

RECONFIGURABLE gm-C LADDER BASE-BAND


FILTER USING TUNABLE OTA
Presented By
Mr. Amit Choudhary
Asst. Prof.
At
National Conference on
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EMERGING
TREND IN MOBILE COMMUNICATION
(ETMC-2013)
AJAY KUMAR GARG ENGINEERING COLLEGE
GHAZIABD

CONTENTS

Objective

Introduction

OTA Based gm-C filter

OTA Based gm-C Ladder filter

Tunable OTA

Tunable OTA with Cascode Current Mirrors

5th Order Chebyshev LPF for WLAN

Conclusion

OBJECTIVE:

To design and simulate

A Tunable Operational Transconductance Amplifier (OTA)


with cascode current mirrors

A reconfigurable gm-C ladder base-band filter for WLAN

Cutoff frequency (fp)

Stop band frequency( fs)


Pass Band ripples ( Amax)
Attenuation Gain ( Amin)
Filter Order ( N)
Filter Type

:19.77 MHz
: 200 MHz
: 1 dB
: -120 dB
:5
: Chebyshev - I
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INTRODUCTION

A filter is an electric circuit which passes signals whose frequency


spectrum lies within a specified range, and stop outside signals

The bandwidth of a WLAN Transceiver system (IEEE 802.11 a/b/g


standard) is 20 MHz [1]. A wideband filter designed for such high
frequency application must have following properties:
Low power
Low noise
Linearity
Low sensitivity to component tolerances

Reconfigurable against Temperature/processing aa variations


a

OTA BASED GM-C FILTER:

OTA based gm-C filters are composed of resistors, capacitors and OTA

OTA stands for Operational Transconductance Amplifier. An Operational


Transconductance Amplifier (OTA) is a dual input voltage controlled current
Source (VCCS). It is a fundamental building block of g m-C filters

Figure 2: OTA

OTA transconductance gm=Iout/ Vid can linearly be tuned by external DC


bias current IB.

OTA BASED GM-C FILTER CONTD.

gm-c filters are suited for high cutoff frequency filtering applications due to
high bandwidth of OTA
First order OTA-C filter:

Fig. 1: (a) First Order OTA-C filter

Cutoff frequency of filter:

(b) Magnitude response of filter

(1)

OTA-C filters are reconfigurable against environmental or processing


variations as its transconductance can be tuned by external DC bias current6
(IB)

OTA BASED GM-C LADDER FILTERS:

Synthesize LCR ladder network based on given filter specifications


Replace inductors and resistors by their equivalent OTA circuits
LCR ladder filters are less sensitive to component tolerances [2]

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Fig. 2 : (a) A third order LCR ladder filter (b) Implementation of resistor using OTA (c) Implementation of inductor
using OTA

INTRINSIC NONLINEARITY OF OTA

To tune filter cutoff (f-3dB) against any temperature or processing variations,


OTA -gm must have linear relationship with external DC bias current I B.

Typically OTA input differential pair which has nonlinear relationship


between gm and external DC bias current IB.
(2)

Fig. 3 : CMOS Balanced OTA

TUNABLE OTA

Tunable OTA circuit is implemented using two cascaded Balanced OTA


through an active resistor [6]

Fig. 4: Tunable OTA

The transconductance (gm)


(3)
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TUNABLE OTA CONTD.

Tunable OTA circuit is implemented using two cascaded Balanced OTA


through an active resistor

Fig. 4: Tunable OTA

The transconductance (gm)


(3)
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TUNABLE OTA CONTD.

Tunable OTA circuit is implemented using two cascaded Balanced OTA


through an active resistor [6]

Fig. 4: Tunable OTA

The transconductance (gm)


(3)
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TUNABLE OTA CONTD.

Tunable OTA circuit is implemented using two cascaded Balanced OTA


through an active resistor [6]

Fig. 4: Tunable OTA

The transconductance (gm)


(3)
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TUNABLE OTA CONTD.

Tunable OTA circuit is implemented using two cascaded Balanced OTA


through an active resistor [6]

Fig. 4: Tunable OTA

The transconductance (gm) depends on tail bias current (IB ) linearly


(4)

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TUNABLE OTA WITH CASCODE CURRENT MIRRORS


By

replacing simple current mirrors by cascode current mirrors

In

case of simple current mirrors, channel length modulation effect


results in significant error in copying currents. Channel length modulation
effect is excluded by using cascode current mirrors.

Output

resistance and the gain of the modified OTA get enhanced

Modified

OTA consume lower power

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Fig. 5: Tunable OTA with Cascode Current Mirrors

TUNABLE OTA WITH CASCODE CURRENT MIRRORS


CONTD.
Table 1: Transistors Aspect ratios of Tunable OTA
with Cascode Current Mirrors

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Fig. 6: Schematic diagram of Biasing circuits

SIMULATION RESULTS OF TUNABLE OTA WITH


CASCODE CURRENT MIRRORS

Open Loop Frequency Response:


Vdd= 1.5V, IB = 1mA
DC gain: 40 dB, -3dB BW: 600 MHz and UGB: 8.5 GHz

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Fig.7 : Open Loop Frequency Response of Tunable OTA with Cascode Current Mirrors

SIMULATION RESULTS OF TUNABLE OTA WITH


CASCODE CURRENT MIRRORS CONTD.
o Slew Rate (SR) :

Fig. 8: SR measurement

Fig. 9: Output voltage waveform of SR measurement setup

setup [5]

Rising Slew Rate is 0.83 v/ns and falling Slew Rate is 0.90 V/ns
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SIMULATION RESULTS OF TUNABLE OTA WITH


CASCODE CURRENT MIRRORS CONTD.
o Rout:
Using VTC curves of OTA
with and with out load, Output
impedance of OTA can be
found
using
following
equation [5]
(5)

Vo1 and Vo2 are output


voltages of OTA with and
with out loads at same input
voltage

Fig. 10 DC sweep simulation Results of Proposed


OTA for Rout measurement

Rout = 24.84 K
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SIMULATION RESULTS OF TUNABLE OTA WITH


CASCODE CURRENT MIRRORS CONTD.
Transconductance (gm):

Fig. 11: gm measurement

Fig. 12 gm simulation: Output current Vs Input differential voltage

setup [5]

Transconductance is calculated by measuring slope of graph at origin.


At 1mA bias current, gm of proposed OTA was found to be 4.2 mS.

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SIMULATION RESULTS OF TUNABLE OTA WITH


CASCODE CURRENT MIRRORS CONTD.
Table 2 : Comparison of different properties of Tunable OTA and Tunable OTA with cascode current mirrors

Results of the work


Property

done by [6]

Tunable OTA
with cascode
current
mirrors

Power supply

1.5 v

1.5 V

Bias current

2 mA

1 mA

Power consumption

12 mW

9 mW

DC Gain

16.199 dB

40 dB

Rout

--

24.84 k

CMRR

56 dB

85.92 dB

+PSRR

--

71.71dB

-PSRR

--

71.21dB

GBW

2.5846 GHz

600 MHz

Rising slew rate(@ CL = 1pF)

1.64 V/ ns

0.83 V/ns

Falling slew rate(@ CL =1pF)

1.61 V/ ns

0.9 V/ns

gm

--

4.25 mA/V

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Synthesis

of RLC Ladder Network of 5th Order Chebyshev Filter :

5TH ORDER CHEBYSHEV LPF FOR WLAN

Fig. 13 : 5th Order RLC ladder filter with branch currents and node voltages
Table 3: Synthesis of RLC Ladder Network of 5th Order Chebyshev Filter

Normalized Filter element values

Filter element element values

(fp = 1/2 Hz and R1, RL= 1 )

(fp = 19.77MHz and R1, RL=1/gm= 235 )

[16]

L= LN/(2 fp gm) and C= (CN gm)/ (2fp)


C1
73.39 pF

CN1

2.1349 F

LN2

1.0911 h

L2

2.071 uH

CN3

3.0009 F

C3

103.166 pF

LN4

1.0911 h

L4

2.071uH

CN5

2.1349 F

C5

73.39 pF

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OTA based
gm-C filter circuit
synthesisCONTD.
using SFG method [2]:
5 THActive
ORDER
CHEBYSHEV
FILTER

Circuit state equations :

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Fig. 14: Equivalent 5th Order OTA-C filter

5th Order Chebyshev Filter Contd.

Active OTA based gm-C filter circuit with biasing circuit:

Fig. 15: Active OTA based gm-C filter circuit with biasing circuit

SIMULATION RESULTS OF 5TH ORDER CHEBYSHEV


FILTER
Frequency response of 5th order Chebyshev filter:
dc gain: -6 dB, passband ripples( Amax): 1.04 dB, Roll-off rate: 106 dB/Dec

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Fig.16: Frequency response of 5 th order Chebyshev filter

SIMULATION RESULTS OF FILTER CONTD.

Filter HD3 analysis at 40Hz 0.4Vpp input signal: 3rd order harmonic
distortion is -48dB with an input of 400mV Vp-p and 1 MHz frequency.

Fig. 17 Filter HD3 analysis at 40Hz 0.4Vpp input signal

SIMULATION RESULTS OF FILTER CONTD.

Tuning the Cutoff Frequency with OTA bias Tail current (I B): The
cutoff frequency of the filter can be tuned from 1.6 MHz to 20MHz by
varying IB from 0.1 mA to 1mA.

Fig. 18 Cutoff tuning

SUMMARY OF 5TH ORDER CHEBYSHEV FILTER


Table 4: Summary of Fifth order filter

Main Fifth Order Chebyshev Filter


Simulated using
600 MHz GBW OTA
Technology

130 nm

Filter type

OTA- C

Power Supply

1.5 V

Current

17 mA

DC Gain

-6dB

Wp

19.73 MHz

Amax

1.04 dB

Roll Off Rate

104 dB/decade

Tuning Range

1.6 MHz to 20 MHz


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HD3 @ 400 mV VP-P, 1MHz Input

-48 dB

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK

An OTA based gm-C ladder baseband filter with tunable cutoff has been
simulated to meet the requirement of WLAN. The cut-off frequency of the filter
is 19.77MHz and it adopts fifth order chebyshev-I response.

For active implementation of the filter a Tunable OTA with cascode current
mirror has been simulated. By using cascode current mirrors, gain of the OTA
has been increased. Also the power consumption of the OTA is reduced.

Temperature Independent biasing circuit with feedback control mechanism can


be implemented for temperature compensation.

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REFERENCES

[1]

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no. 11, Nov. 2007

[2]

Sherwin Paul R. Almazan, Maria Theresa G. de Leon, A 3rd Order Butterworth Gm-C Filter for WiMAX Receivers
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[3]
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[4]

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[5]

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[8]
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Moon Jae Jeong, Shigetaka Takagi, Zdzislaw Czarnul, Nobuo Fujii, Design of a noval linear 3-input CMOS OTA
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[15]
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Jon B. Hagen, Radio-Frequency Electronics, Cambridge University Press Cambridge, Second Edition, 2009.

THANK

YOU

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