UNIT I

LECTURE -2

OVERVIEW OF LECTURE - 2
In

this lesson, you are going to

learn about phase difference,
phasor diagram, power, energy
passive sign convention and
power factor

PHASE DIFFERENCE

Thephase differenceor phase shift of a sinusoidal

waveform is the angle , in degrees or radians that
the waveform has shifted from a certain reference
point (t=0) along the horizontal zero axis.

PHASOR DIAGRAM

A Phasor is a rotating vector

- a scaled line whose length represents the maximum
value of the sinusoidal signal and direction is varying
from 0 to 360
v = Vm Sin t
Vm

Reference
axis

v = Vm Sin (t - )

v = Vm Sin (t + )
0
Vm
0

Anti-clockwise
rotation (Lead)

Vm

Clockwise rotation
(Lag)

Exercise-1
Draw the phasor diagram for v1 =10 sin (t+50) and v2 =
20 sin ((t -30).
Solution:
The sinusoid v1 is leading the reference waveform by 50
and v2 is lagging the reference waveform by 30.

POWER

ENERGY

PASSIVE SIGN CONVENTION

PSC: EXAMPLE I

PSC: EXAMPLE II

PSC: EXAMPLE III

POWER IN AC CIRCUITS
Three types of power representation
1. Real power (P) : I2R (or) V2 / R Watts
The average power consumed in an A.C circuit .
It is also called as true power.
True power goes only one way from source to load and
performs work on the load in terms of energy dissipation.

2.Reactive power

2
V
(Q) = I2 X (or)
VAR (Volt-Amp-reactive)
X

The power absorbed by a pure reactance (XL or Xc) in a

circuit.
Reactive power simply goes back and forth between source
and load with zero resultant work being done.

POWER IN AC CIRCUITS
V2
VA (Volt-Amp)
Z

3. Apparent power (S): V I = I2 Z =

The combination of reactive power and true
power
S = P jQ

power is calculated with scalar quantities of

voltage, current, resistance, and reactance.
These
three
types
of
power
are
trigonometrically related to one another.
In a right triangle, P = adjacent length,
Q = opposite length, and S = hypotenuse length.

POWER TRIANGLE

Relation between all the three powers is shown power

triangle

Phase angle for V or I represents a relative shift

in timing between two waves.
Phase angle for power represents a ratio
between power dissipated and power returned

POWER FACTOR
Ratio between true power and apparent power is
called the power factor for this circuit.
Power factor ratio is also equal to the cosine of
that phase angle.
true power (watt)
power factor =
apparent power (VA)

Unit less quantity

A power factor of 0.72 would mean that only 72%

of the power supplied is being used to do useful
work.
Perfect power factor is 1.0, (unity); meaning
100% of the power is being used for useful work.

ANALOGY OF POWER FACTOR

SIGNIFICANCE OF POWER FACTOR

Generator
Ratings : 5A
1200W,240V

UPF

= V / R = 240 / 48 = 5 A
True Power = V I cos = 240 x 5 x 1 =1200W
The generator has no problem, although it is
operating at the maximum current and power.
All the generated power is consumed by the load

SIGNIFICANCE OF POWER FACTOR

Generator
Ratings : 5A
1200W,240V

I=V/R
= 240 / 30 = 8 A
True Power = V I cos
240 x 5 x 0.6 =1152 W

Even though average power consumed is less, current

exceeds the maximum rating and will damage the
generator windings.
True power rating is not appropriate for AC sources and
hence all the AC sources such as generator should be
rated at VA.
The required generator rating is 1920 VA . Out of 1920
VA , only 60 % is useful (1152 W).