MULTIPLEXING

DEL ROSARIO | TUNGOL

WHAT IS MULTIPLEXING?

It is the process where multiple

message signals, analog or digital, are
combined into one signal.

There are set of techniques that allows

the simultaneous transmission of
multiple signals across a single data
link.

FREQUENCY-DIVISION MULTIPLEXING

It is a multiplexing technique that

combines several analog signals in
a single link with a greater
bandwidth than the combined
bandwidth of the signals to be
transmitted.

Path Physical link

Guard band

Channel Portion of the path that carries a

transmission between a given pair of devices.

MULTIPLEXING

DEMULTIPLEXING

Bandpass Filters

FDM HEIRARCHY

FDM HEIRARCHY
# of Voice Channels

Bandwidth

Terminology

12

48 kHz

Group

60

240 kHz

Supergroup

600

2.52 Mhz

Master group

3600

16.984 Mhz

Jumbo group

Group
Supergroup
Master group

Jumbo group

1 group
5 groups

1 supergroup

50 groups

10
supergroups

300 groups

60
supergroups

1 master
group
6 master
groups

1 jumbo
group

EXAMPLE
PAGE 108, Problem 1
Problem 1. Five channels, each with a
100-kHz bandwidth, are to be
multiplexed together. What is the
minimum bandwidth of the link if there is
a need for a guard band of 10 kHz
between then channels to prevent
interference?

EXAMPLE
Problem 2. Assume that a voice channel
occupies a bandwidth of 4 kHz. We
need to combine three voice channels
into a link with a bandwidth of 12 kHz,
from 20 to 32 kHz. Show the
configuration, using the frequency
domain. Assume there are no guard
bands.

EXAMPLE
Problem 3. How many supergroups are
there in 4 master groups?
Group
Supergroup
Master group

Jumbo group

1 group
5 groups

1 supergroup

50 groups

10
supergroup
s

300 groups

60
supergroups

1 master
group
6 master
groups

1 jumbo
group

PROBLEM
Problem 1.

A single link has a bandwidth

of 15 kHz. Assuming that it
was occupied by 4 channels
with a guard band of 1 kHz,
what is the bandwidth of each
channel?

PROBLEM
Problem 2.

Assume that a voice channel

occupies a bandwidth of 3 kHz.
We need to combine four voice
channels into a link with a
bandwidth of 15 kHz, from 32 to
47 kHz. Show the configuration,
using the frequency domain.
Assume a guard band of 1 kHz.

PROBLEMS
Problem 3.

How many supergroups

are there in 3 jumbo
groups?

Group
Supergroup
Master group

Jumbo group

1 group
5 groups

1 supergroup

50 groups

10
supergroups

300 groups

60
supergroups

1 master
group
6 master
groups

1 jumbo
group

PROBLEMS
Problem 4.

How many master

groups can you create
in 67 supergroups?

Group
Supergroup
Master group

Jumbo group

1 group
5 groups

1 supergroup

50 groups

10
supergroups

300 groups

60
supergroups

1 master
group
6 master
groups

1 jumbo
group

ANALOG SERVICES

Analog Switched
Service

A dial-up service
usually encountered
when using a home
telephone
Uses two-wire
twisted pair cable to
connect handset to
the network
Connection is called
local loop

Analog Leased
Service

Permanently
connected to another
customer
No dialing needed.

WAVE-DIVISION MULTIPLEXING

Also called wavelength division

multiplexing
Multiple beams of light at different
frequency
Carried by optical fiber
A form of FDM
Each color of light (wavelength) carries
separate data channel

1997 Bell Labs 100 beams Each at

10 Gbps Giving 1 terabit per second
(Tbps)
Commercial systems of 160 channels
of 10 Gbps now available
Lab systems (Alcatel) 256 channels at
39.8 Gbps each 10.1 Tbps Over
100km

WDM OPERATION

Number of sources generating laser beams at

different frequencies
Multiplexer consolidates sources for
transmission over single fiber
Optical amplifiers amplify all wavelengths
Typically tens of km apart
Demux separates channels at the destination
Mostly 1550nm wavelength range
Was 200MHz per channel, Now 50GHz

Coarse WDM (CWDM) has wider channel spacing (20

nm) low cost
Dense WDM (DWDM) has dense channel spacing (0.8
nm) which allows simultaneous transmission of 16+
wavelengths high capacity