Introduction

of
Management Information System (MIS)

By :- Nitin Jain
Management Information Systems (MIS)
 An integrated system of man & machine for providing
the information to support the functioning of an
organization. (Ex :- college administration).
 How to be organise & handle the data i.e. MIS.
 We are getting information from different sources ,
organise it , analyzing it & on the basis we achieved our
goal & objective.
 A system which provides information for making
decision to an organization – MIS.
Continue….

 A computer based complete information system.

(Ex :- Railway reservation system) .
 An MIS provides managers with information and
support for effective decision making, and provides
feedback on daily operations.
 Each MIS is an integrated collection of subsystems,
which are typically organized along functional lines
within an Organization.
REQUIREMENTS FOR MIS
 Computer software & hardware
 Manuel procedures
 Models of analysis , planning ,control & decision
making.
 A Database or a Table
 History of MIS
1. EDP (Electronic Data Processing) -- (1950’s – 1960’s)

2. Converting data into information -- (1970’s)

(actual MIS)

3. PC’s Evolution that gave rise to -- (1980’s)

decision support system (DSS) eg:-
lotus,wordstar,lotus123

4. AI’s (artificial intelligence ) came -- (1990’s)

& gave birth to KBS- knowledge based system
Historic development
AIS

KBS

ESS

DSS

MIS

EDP

1950’s 21st Century

Historic Development

 EDP – Focus on data

 MIS –Focus on Information
 DSS -- Focus on Decision Support
 ESS --Focus on Decision Support for Top Mgmt
 KBS –Focus on Knowledge based
 AIS --Focus on Self Learning / thinking system
Pyramid Structure of An MIS

(Structured) Strategic control

Unstructured decision

Management control

Operational control

Transaction processing
 Role of an MIS
 The role of the MIS is an organization can be compared
to the role of the HEART in the body.
 Information is the blood & MIS is the HEART.
 In the body the heart plays the role of supplying pure
blood to all the elements of the body including the brain,
the mis plays the same role in the organization :-
1. Data collection from various sources and organized,
sorted, processed, & analyzed for efficient retrieval.
2. It uses different system likes:- Query sys, analysis sys,
modeling sys, & DSS.
Continue….
3. MIS helps in :-
 Strategic planning
 Mgmt control
 Operational control
 Transaction processing
4. Information generation, communication , problem
identification & helps in decision making.
3 Structured concept of MIS
 Information resource Management (IRM)
 Decision Support System (DSS)
 Data Processing (DP)

IRM – data processing , word processing i.e. efficient

retrieval of data.
DSS – make the interrelation b/w the system & user. It
create set of rules which is applied to take decision/
DP -- used to processed transaction & produces
necessary reports.
Scope of MIS
Computer science

Management science/theory
Mgmt Accounting/

MIS

Organizational theory Behavioral science

A multidisciplinary subject
 STRUCTURE OF MIS
MIS

Operating Decision Mgmt Organisational

Element Support Activity Activity

Structured,
Physical Hierarchy of
Programmable
Components Decision Mgmt Activity
Matrix of Orgn.
Unstructured, Function with Mgmt
Processing
Programmable Activity
Function Decision

Output for
Users
Computer Systems

All computer systems, no matter how

complex, consists of the following:
 At least one CPU
 Memory to hold programs and data
 I/O devices
 Long-term storage
COMPUTER SYSTEM
Secondary
Storage

PRIMARY
STORAGE

ALU
Data
INPUT OUTPUT
Preparation
CONTROL
Hardware Component
 Input/Output devices
 Storage Devices
 CPU
ALU: arithmetic/logic unit
CU: control unit
Interface unit
 Memory
Short-term storage for CPU calculations
 CPU: Central Processing Unit
 ALU: arithmetic/logic unit
 Performs arithmetic and Boolean logical calculations
 CU: control unit
 Controls processing of instructions
 Controls movement of data within the CPU
 Interface unit
 Moves instructions and data between the CPU and other
hardware components
 Bus: bundle of wires that carry signals and power between
different components
Input-Process-Output Model (IPO)

 Input: keyboard, mouse, scanner, punch

cards
 Processing: CPU executes the computer
program
 Output: monitor, printer, fax machine
 Storage: hard drive, optical media,
diskettes, magnetic tape
Typical Personal Computer System
Memory
 Also known as primary storage, working
storage, and RAM (random access memory)
 Consists of bits, each of which hold a value of
either 0 or 1 (8 bits = 1 byte)
 Holds both instructions and data of a computer
program (stored program concept)
Software Component
 Applications
 Operating System
 API: application
program interface
 File management
 I/O
 Kernel
 Memory
management
 Resource scheduling

 Program
communication
 Security

 Network Module
SOFTWARE
 Software comprises the programs that tell the
hardware what to do. A program is a sequence of
instructions stored in the memory of the computer
system.

1. System S/W
2. Application S/W
SYSTEM S/W
 System s/w is a set of programs that manage
the resources of a computer system (processing
time, storage space & so on.)

System S/w can be classified 3 Types :-

1 System Control S/w
2 System Support s/w
3 System Development s/w
APPLICATION SOFTWARE
 Application programs on the other hand , performs
specific tasks for the computer user.
 Application s/w are programmes that work for you ,
such as making payroll calculations, & printing
cheques.
 These programs can be quite complex & can be
developed in house, purchased from a computer
software house, a computer equipment manufacturer
or a computer retail shop.
TYPES :- 1 General purpose application s/w
2 Specific purpose application s/w
COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY
COMPONENTS OF DATA COMMUNICATION

NODE 1 NODE 2

MESSEGE
SENDER RECEIVER

MEDIUM

Protocol – 1 Protocol – 1
Protocol – 2 Protocol – 2
Protocol - 3 Protocol - 3
 COMPONENTS OF DATA
COMMUNICATION
1 MESSEGE
2 SENDER
3 RECEIVER
4 MEDIUM
5 PROTOCOL -- Common ground rules of
communication between computers, I/O devices, and
many software programs
 Examples
 HTTP: between Web servers and Web browsers
 TCP/IP: between computers on the Internet and local
area networks
 ATAPI: between a CPU and CD-ROMs
 Direction of Data Flow
1 SIMPLEX - Uni directional
(eg – radio signal)

2 HALF DUPLEX -- Transmit & receive but not a

same time (eg – walky talky)

3 FULL DUPLEX -- Both directional

(eg – Telephone system)
Physical Topology (connection)
A network consists of multiple computers
connected using some type of interface, each
having one or more interface devices such as a
Network Interface Card (NIC) and/or a serial
device for networking.
1 Mesh Topology
2 Star Topology
3 Bus Topology
4 Ring Topology
5 Tree Topology
Category of Network
 LAN (Local Area Network) – within campus
or a building premises ,1-2 kilometer range
 MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) - 10-20
km range. eg- telephone exchange
 WAN (Wide area Network) - within
nations, or within metro cities eg –
satellite
DECISION MAKING PROCESS

 Herbert A Simon Model

 Rubenstein and Haberstroh Model
Herbert A Simon Model
 Herbert A Simon was one of the early scientists to develop
software to take decisions by computer in playing chess. Thus
starting the era of Artificial intelligence.

INTELLIGENCE

FEEDBACK
DESIGN

CHOICE
 INTELLIGENCE PHASE-
In this phase we find out the problem & try to find out what the
solution to the given problem. Raw data collected ,processed &
examined for clues that may identify problems or opportunities

 Identification of problem
 Fact findings (collection of information) regarding problem
 Formulation of problem

 DESIGN PHASE - In the design phase we inventing , developing, &

analyzing possible course of action. This involves processes to
understand the problem, to generate solutions & to test solution for
feasibility.
 Outlining of the solution
 Framing of the solution
 Come to the solution (designing)
 Moving to alternative solution

 CHOICE PHASE- select one alternative as a decision ,

based on the selection criteria. Choice is made &
implemented
Rubenstein and Haberstroh Model
This model focus on the behaviors & attitude of user not in MIS
Recognition of Problem

Analysis and alternatives

Choice of alternative

Communication & Implementation

Follow-up &Feedback
Decision Making Process applicable in MIS

1. Knowledge of outcome

2. Level of programmability

3. Criteria for decision

4. Level of decision impact

CONCEPT OF INFORMATION
 Meaningful data is called information. (Data plus
Meaning)

 In MIS, information has a precise meaning and it is

different from data. The information has a value in
decision making while data does not have. Information
brings clarity and creates an intelligent human response
in the mind.

 In MIS a clear distinction is made between data and

information. Data is like raw materials while the
information is equivalent to the finished goods produced
after processing the raw material.
 INFORMATION SYSTEM

Data Storage

Processing
Data Information

Transformation of Data into Information is

an Information system
CHARACTERISTICS OF INFORMATION

 Subjectivity
 Relevance
 Timeliness
 Accuracy
 Completeness
 Accessibility
 Correct information format
 Data for one level of an organization may be
information for another.

Information + Decision
Management Level
rules = Decision by
Management
Data summarized

Information + Decision
Operating data rules = Decision by
Operations Personnel

Transaction Data
 Mathematical theory of Information
(communication)
Information theories are divided on three basis :-
1. Technical Level - how much accuracy contain in the
information , which can be converted into knowledge.

2. Semantic level (Presentation)- presentation of information

according to requirement (symbol, flowchart, table)
3. Effective level (quality) – It means the information which you
are getting is useful & purposeful or not as per requirement..
To remove the redundancy & duplication of data.
 Parameters of Quality
1. Utility of Information :- the information which you are
getting is useful or not.

a) Form utility :-How closely is information matching with

your decision making process.
b) Place utility :- The Information should be right place where
it is required.
c) Possession Utility :- Right of control & mgmt of Information
within the user and system.
d) Time utility :-The Information has greater value to the
decision maker if it is available when needed.
2. Information Satisfaction :- At the time of decision
making whether the information satisfies the user or not.

3. Error and Bias :-

 Incorrect data measurement
 Failure to follow correct procedures
 Mistakes in processing procedures
 Wrong recording or correcting of data
Communication System

Transmitter Receiver
SOURCE Channel Destination
Encoder Decoder

Noise
Distortion

General model of Communication System