MULTIPLE ACCESS

Presentation By SANIA GUL

Multiple Access
An access network is that part of a
communications network which
connects subscribers to their
immediate service provider.

Presentation By SANIA GUL

Multiple access methods

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Difference between
multiplexing & multiple
Access

Multiplexing is sharing of resources on

links inside the network i.e. core
network. (The links between the
network elements (NEs) of service
provider or between two service
providers)
Multiple Access is sharing of resources
on the access part of the network.
Presentation By SANIA GUL

Difference between
multiplexing & multiple Access
The main difference between TDM and
TDMA (also FDM/FDMA, etc) is that with
TDM (also FDM, etc.) the signals
multiplexed (i.e. sharing a resource)
come from the same node, whereas for
TDMA (also FDMA, etc.) the signals
multiplexed come from different
sources/transmitters.

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Multiplexing Vs. multiple

Access
MULTIPLEXING (dial up
internet)

Multiple Access
(satellite
internet)
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Two way communication

1. Inbound or forward link
The communication link from the
subscriber to the service provider
via satellite.
2. Outbound or reverse link
The communication link from the
service provider to the subscriber
via satellite.
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Two way communication

----- inbound link

Out bound link

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Frequency division multiple

access(FDMA)
All users transmit at the same time but at
different frequencies E.g. Satellite phone in
bound link use SCPC-FDMA-DA.(single
channel per carrier- frequency division
multiple access demand access)
As more than one user is sharing the same
transponder so their frequencies while
passing through non-linear device such as
TWT will combine to generate intermodulation products which can interfere
with the user signal.
Presentation By SANIA GUL

Intermodulation
It is the unwanted amplitude
modulation of signals containing two or
more different frequencies in a system
with nonlinearities. The
intermodulation between each
frequency component will form
additional signals at frequencies that
are often at sum and difference
frequencies of the original frequencies.
Presentation By SANIA GUL

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Intermodulation
Suppose 3 carriers are carrying three different
signals in FDMA mode & pass through HPA of
transponder. One carrier is at 1 MHz, second at
2 MHz & third at 3 MHz . Due to non linear
properties of HPA the 1 & 2 MHz frequencies will
produce two intermodulation products i.e. 2-1 =
1 MHz & 2+1 = 3 MHz . As there are valid
signals already present at 1 & 3 MHz so the
intermodulation signals will interfere with them
& produce cross talk.
To avoid inter modulation products the carrier
power of each signal in FDMA must be reduced
before passing through HPA. This is called back
off.
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Sat phone using FDMA

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Time division multiple

access(TDMA)
All users transmit at the same
frequency but at different time E.g.
VSAT inbound link.
As it is digital method so it is
resistant to noise & due to large BW
available high data rates are
possible.

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VSAT using FDMA,TDMA or

CDMA

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TDMA Frame

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TDMA burst time plan.

VSAT site 1 start 0 mS, time allocated 180 mS
VSAT site 2 start 200 mS, time allocated 80 mS
VSAT site 3 start 300 mS, time allocated 180 mS
VSAT site 4 start 500 mS, time allocated 280 mS
VSAT site 5 start 800 mS, time allocated 180 mS
This information is broadcast to all sites, which then follow
the timing instructions. This burst time plan might be
applied unchanged for several days or weeks or it might be
changed every few seconds or minutes according to the
traffic demand.

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TDMA
Satellite Internet using VSAT

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Code division multiple

access(CDMA)
All users transmit at the same
frequency & at the same time but
using different code. E.g. GPS
navigation system.

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CDMA
GPS navigation system in Car

Police
station

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VSAT inbound options

FDMA:
Lowest cost since the BW and transmit
power required will be lowest for user
set. It is widely used for credit card
verification at petrol pumps, Satellite
internet uplink request, single voice
channel, ATM machines of banks.

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VSAT inbound options

TDMA
More cost due to high transmitter
power required at VSAT but provide
high BW to user. It is widely used for
advanced multimedia traffic.

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VSAT inbound TDMA link

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VSAT Outbound TDM link

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VSAT inbound options

CDMA
Less BW efficient than TDMA & FDMA.
It is used in such cases where the
chances of interference from other
Earth stations are very high. It is
widely used for military applications.

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