ATOMIC STRUCTURE

Prepared by: Cherry Mar T. Tiempo

Objectives
Trace the discoveries after Rutherford that
led to a quantum mechanical model of an
atom;
Describe the quantum mechanical model
of an atom;
Realize the tentative nature of a theory;
and
Devise ways to facilitate own learning.

The Inadequacy of Rutherfords Model

The Inadequacy of Rutherfords Model

In his experiments, Rutherford bombarded alpha particles on very
thin metallic foils such as gold foil. In
order to record experimental
observations, he made use of circular screen coated with zinc
sulphide.

The Inadequacy of Rutherfords Model

James Maxwell
(1831-1879)

Man of light

Niels Bohr
(1885-1962)

Nature of Light
What is light?
Light is electromagnetic radiation within a certain
portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. The
word usually refers to visible light, which is
visible to the human eye and is responsible for
the sense of sight.

Christian Huygens
(1629-1695)
A Dutch Mathematician and physicist
He was the first to study on the nature of
light.
He stated that light, like a sound, is a
wave motion.

Sir Isaac Newton

(1642-1727)

Opposed the idea of Huygens.

Formulated the corpuscular or particle
theory of light.
According to this theory, light is made up
of very fast and very small particles which
travel in straight lines.

In 1864, Maxwell predicted that an alternating

current in a circuit would radiate energy in the
form of electromagnetic waves traveling
through a vacuum at the speed of light.
He wrote, if it shall be found that the velocity of
propagation of electromagnetic disturbances is
the same as the velocity of lightwe have
strong conclusion for believing that light is an
electromagnetic radiation

Heinrich Hertz
(1857-1894)

A German Physicist
Demonstrated by experiment the
electromagnetic nature of light.
Confirming Maxwell interpretation.

20th Century
Max Planck and Albert Einstein
Used the particle model to explain some
properties of light which could not be
explained by the wave theory.

Max Planck
Considered the electromagnetic radiation
emitted by glowing object to occur in
packets or pieces. He called the packet of
energy as quanta.
Einstein called the discrete energy packet
as photons.

Albert Einstein
Theorized that the
electromagnetic radiation
(like light) has a
characteristic of both a
wave and a stream of
particles.

Wave-Particle Duality of Nature

In 1924, Louis de Broglie
-presented a theory for the hydrogen atom
where the electron was considered a wave.
-He postulated a formula for obtaining the
wavelength of a moving body.
-His equation states that the wavelength of a
moving object is inversely proportional to its
momentum.

Wave-Particle Duality of Nature

In 1924, Louis de Broglie
-It was confirmed by the experiment of
Lester Germer and Clinton Davisson.
- He won the Nobel prize for physics for his
revolutionary theory on the wave nature of
electron.

Wave-Particle Duality of Nature

States that particles act like waves and
waves like a particles. However, a
massive particles has less wave
properties while a particles with a little
mass like an electron has more obvious
wavelike properties.

Bohrs Model
Bohrs took the nuclear atom and dressed
it with Plancks quantum attire, kept part of
Maxwells theory, and borrowed Newtons
law of motion.
He then proposed the first workable theory
of atomic structure.

Bohrs Postulates
1. A hydrogen atoms consists of a nucleus
containing a proton and an electron. The
electron revolves around the nucleus in a
circular orbits. There is a force of attraction
between the nucleus and the electron. This
force balances the centrifugal force on the
electron.

Bohrs Postulates
2. Only certain circular orbits are permitted.
(In this postulate, the radii of the orbit can be
calculated. But this is beyond the scope of
this text.) The energy of the electron in a
given orbit fixed. As long as the electron
stays in that orbit, it neither absorbs nor
radiates energy. This is nonradiating state is
called the stationary state.

Bohrs Postulates
3. The electron may move from one stationary
state to another. To do so, it must absorb or
emit a quantity of energy exactly equal to the
difference in energy between the two state are
presented by the following equation.
hf=E1-E2
Where
h= Plancks constant
f= frequency
E1 and E2= respectively energy level bet. Which an electron jumps.

 Electron normally exist in the lowest

energy state called the ground state.
When an electron goes into a higher
energy state, it is said to be excited state.

The fixed energy level proposed by Bohrs

was supported by the emission spectrum of
Hydrogen

Emission line Spectrum

-Is a collection of narrow bands of light.
-the individual band light are called
spectral lines.

 A Continuous Spectrum results when

white light is passed through a prism.
e.g the rainbow (it represent all energy
values)

 Since hydrogen produces a line spectrum

and not continuous spectrum, it shows
that only certain energies are allowed for
the electron.

Line Spectrum
Is an atomic fingerprint because each
element produces a unique set of spectral
lines.

Arnold Sommerfeld (1868-1951)

Introduces the concept of elliptical orbits to
explain the splitting of spectral lines.
This became the second quantum number
to represent the energy sublevel.
These energy sublevel are designated as
s, p, d, and f . These refer to as sharp,
principal, diffuse, and fundamental lines
in the emission spectra of the element.

The main feature of Bohrs

Model include the ff;
1. As a principal quantum number (n)
increase, the orbit (shells) become longer
(radius increases).
2. Electron in n=1 orbit/shell have the lowest
energy. As the value of n increases, the
energy of the electron increases.

The main feature of Bohrs

Model include the ff;
3. Each orbit/shell can hold a maximum of
2n 2 electrons.
Thus,
n= 1
n= 2
n= 3
n= 4
n= 5

2(1 ) = 2 electrons
2
2(2 ) = 8 electrons
2
2(3 ) = 18 electrons
2
2(4 ) = 32 electrons
2
2(5 ) = 50 electrons

The main feature of Bohrs

Model include the ff;
4. As the atom is being built, electrons occupy
first the innermost shell (one with the lowest
energy), before proceedings to the next higher
shell, etc. In the electron build-up, electron must
2
fill each shell to 2n capacity.

END

Quiz
1. _____ atomic model shows the existence
of nucleus in the atom, nature of charge
on the nucleus and the magnitude of
charge on the nucleus.
2. What is the pointed arrow

Quiz
3. He considered the man of light.
4. Used the nature of light ; to explain the
behavior of electron in the atom.
5. refers to visible light, which is visible to
the human eye and is responsible for the
sense of sight.

Quiz
6. He was the first to study on the nature of
light.
7. Opposed the idea of Huygens.
Formulated the corpuscular or particle
theory of light.
8. He called the packet of energy as quanta.
9. Is a collection of narrow bands of light.

Quiz
10. States that particles act like waves and
waves like a particles. However, a massive
particles has less wave properties while a
particles with a little mass like an electron
has more obvious wavelike properties.
11-15. What are the sublevel energy
introduces by Arnold Sommerfeld.

Answer

Quiz
1. _____ atomic model shows the existence
of nucleus in the atom, nature of charge
on the nucleus and the magnitude of
charge on the nucleus.
Answer; Rutherford

Quiz
2. Gold Foil

Quiz
3. He considered the man of light.
4. Used the nature of light ; to explain the
behavior of electron in the atom.
5. refers to visible light, which is visible to
the human eye and is responsible for the
sense of sight.

Quiz
6. He was the first to study on the nature of
light.
7. Opposed the idea of Huygens.Formulated
the corpuscular or particle theory of light.
8. He called the packet of energy as quanta.
9. Is a collection of narrow bands of light.
.

Quiz
10. States that particles act like waves and
waves like a particles. However, a massive
particles has less wave properties while a
particles with a little mass like an electron
has more obvious wavelike properties