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SOLUTIONS
SUMMARY
1. Vapor Pressure Lowering
- Adding a non volatile solute to a
solvent lowers the vapor pressure of
the resulting solution below that of
the pure solvent at the same
temperature.
- Note: a non volatile solute is one that
has a low vapor pressure and
therefore a low tendency to vaporize
Reverse Osmosis
- is used in the desalination of sea
water to make drinking water. Pressure
greater than the osmotic pressure is
applied on the salt water side of the
membrane to force solvent water
across the membrane from the salt
water side to the Pure water side.
Examples:
1. The plants will die if watered with
salt, the salt solution outside the root
membranes is more concentrated than
the solution in the root, so water flows
out of the roots; then the plant
becomes dehydrated and dies.
Reaction Rates
Factors that influence reaction rates
1. Physical nature of reactants
- subdividing a solid into smaller
particles increases surface area and
thus increase reaction rate
2. Reactant Concentration
- increase in reactant concentration
increases the rate of reaction because
more frequent collisions
3. Increase in Temperature
- increase in the temperature results
in the increase in the average kinetic
energy of the reacting molecules.
The increased molecular speed
causes more collisions and thus
increase in the reaction rate
Assignment:
1. Chemical Equilibrium
2. Equilibrium Constants
3. Reversible Reaction