Chapter1

IntroductiontoDatabases
Transparencies

Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

Chapter1Objectives

Somecommonusesofdatabasesystems.
Characteristicsoffilebasedsystems.
Problemswithfilebasedapproach.
Meaningofthetermdatabase.
MeaningofthetermDatabaseManagement
System(DBMS).

Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

Chapter1Objectives

TypicalfunctionsofaDBMS.
MajorcomponentsoftheDBMSenvironment.
PersonnelinvolvedintheDBMSenvironment.
HistoryofthedevelopmentofDBMSs.
AdvantagesanddisadvantagesofDBMSs.

Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

ExamplesofDatabaseApplications

Purchasesfromthesupermarket
Purchasesusingyourcreditcard
Bookingaholidayatthetravelagents
Usingthelocallibrary
Takingoutinsurance
Rentingavideo
UsingtheInternet
Studyingatuniversity
Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

FileBasedSystems

Collectionofapplicationprogramsthat
performservicesfortheendusers(e.g.reports).

Eachprogramdefinesandmanagesitsown
data.

Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

FileBasedProcessing

Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

LimitationsofFileBasedApproach

Separationandisolationofdata

Eachprogrammaintainsitsownsetofdata.
Usersofoneprogrammaybeunawareof
potentiallyusefuldataheldbyotherprograms.

Duplicationofdata

Samedataisheldbydifferentprograms.
Wastedspaceandpotentiallydifferentvalues
and/ordifferentformatsforthesameitem.
Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

LimitationsofFileBasedApproach

Datadependence

Filestructureisdefinedintheprogramcode.

Incompatiblefileformats

Programsarewrittenindifferentlanguages,andso
cannoteasilyaccesseachothersfiles.

FixedQueries/Proliferationofapplication
programs

Programsarewrittentosatisfyparticularfunctions.
Anynewrequirementneedsanewprogram.
Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

DatabaseApproach

Arosebecause:

Definitionofdatawasembeddedinapplication
programs,ratherthanbeingstoredseparatelyand
independently.
Nocontroloveraccessandmanipulationofdata
beyondthatimposedbyapplicationprograms.

Result:

thedatabaseandDatabaseManagementSystem
(DBMS).

Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

Database

Sharedcollectionoflogicallyrelateddata(and
adescriptionofthisdata),designedtomeetthe
informationneedsofanorganization.

Systemcatalog(metadata)providesdescription
ofdatatoenableprogramdataindependence.

Logicallyrelateddatacomprisesentities,
attributes,andrelationshipsofan
organizationsinformation.
Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

DatabaseManagementSystem(DBMS)

Asoftwaresystemthatenablesuserstodefine,
create,maintain,andcontrolaccesstothe
database.

(Database)applicationprogram:acomputer
programthatinteractswithdatabaseby
issuinganappropriaterequest(SQL
statement)totheDBMS.

Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

DatabaseManagementSystem(DBMS)

Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

DatabaseApproach

Datadefinitionlanguage(DDL).
Permitsspecificationofdatatypes,structuresand
anydataconstraints.
Allspecificationsarestoredinthedatabase.

Datamanipulationlanguage(DML).
Generalenquiryfacility(querylanguage)ofthe
data.

Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

DatabaseApproach

Controlledaccesstodatabasemay
include:

asecuritysystem
anintegritysystem
aconcurrencycontrolsystem
arecoverycontrolsystem
auseraccessiblecatalog.

Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

Views

Allowseachusertohavehisorherownviewof
thedatabase.

Aviewisessentiallysomesubsetofthe
database.

Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

ViewsBenefits

Reducecomplexity
Providealevelofsecurity
Provideamechanismtocustomizethe
appearanceofthedatabase
Presentaconsistent,unchangingpictureofthe
structureofthedatabase,evenifthe
underlyingdatabaseischanged

Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

ComponentsofDBMSEnvironment

Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

ComponentsofDBMSEnvironment

Hardware

CanrangefromaPCtoanetworkof
computers.

Software

DBMS,operatingsystem,networksoftware(if
necessary)andalsotheapplicationprograms.

Data
Usedbytheorganizationandadescription
ofthisdatacalledtheschema.
Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

ComponentsofDBMSEnvironment

Procedures
Instructionsandrulesthatshouldbeappliedto
thedesignanduseofthedatabaseandDBMS.

People

Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

RolesintheDatabaseEnvironment

DataAdministrator(DA)
DatabaseAdministrator(DBA)
DatabaseDesigners(LogicalandPhysical)
ApplicationProgrammers
EndUsers(naiveandsophisticated)

Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

HistoryofDatabaseSystems

Firstgeneration

HierarchicalandNetwork

Secondgeneration
Relational

Thirdgeneration

ObjectRelational
ObjectOriented
Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

AdvantagesofDBMSs

Controlofdataredundancy
Dataconsistency
Moreinformationfromthesameamountofdata
Sharingofdata
Improveddataintegrity
Improvedsecurity
Enforcementofstandards
Economyofscale

Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

AdvantagesofDBMSs

Balanceconflictingrequirements
Improveddataaccessibilityandresponsiveness
Increasedproductivity
Improvedmaintenancethroughdata
independence
Increasedconcurrency
Improvedbackupandrecoveryservices

Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005

DisadvantagesofDBMSs

Complexity
Size
CostofDBMS
Additionalhardwarecosts
Costofconversion
Performance
Higherimpactofafailure

Pearson Education Limited 1995, 2005