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Adaptive
Immunity:
Specific
Defenses
of the Host
SLOs
Differentiate between innate and adaptive immunity, and humoral and cellular immunity.
Define antigen, epitope, and hapten.
Explain the function of antibodies and describe their structural and chemical
characteristics. Name one function for each of the five classes of antibodies.
Compare and contrast T-dependent antigens and T-independent antigens.
Differentiate between plasma cell and memory cell.
Describe clonal selection.
Describe how a human can produce different antibodies.
Describe four outcomes of an antigen-antibody reaction.
Differentiate between helper T and cytotoxic T
Define apoptosis.
Define antigen-presenting cell.
Describe the role of antibodies and natural killer cells in antibody-dependent cellmediated cytotoxicity.
Identify at least one function of each of the following: cytokines, interleukins, interferons.
Distinguish a primary from a secondary immune response.
Contrast the four types of adaptive immunity.
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Vocabulary
Antigen (Ag): A substance that causes the body to
produce specific antibodies or sensitized T cells.
Antibody (Ab): Proteins made in response to an Ag;
can combine with that Ag.
Serology: The study of reactions between
antibodies and antigens.
Antiserum: A generic term for serum because it
contains Ab.
Globulins: Serum proteins
Immunoglobulins (= Gamma () globulins): Serum
antibodies
Complement:
Serum Proteins
Fig 17.18
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Antibodies
recognize and
react with
antigenic
determinants or
epitopes on an
antigen
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Fig 17.1
Haptens
Fig 17.2
Fig 17.3
Fig 17.3
IgG antibodies
Monomer
80% of serum antibodies
Activate complement
In blood, lymph, and intestine
Cross placenta
Enhance phagocytosis; neutralize
toxins and viruses; protects fetus
and newborn
Half-life = 23 days
IgM Antibodies
Pentamer
5-10% of serum
antibodies
Fix complement
In blood, lymph, and on
B cells
Agglutinates microbes;
first Ab produced in
response to infection
Half-life = 5 days
IgA Antibodies
Dimer
10-15% of serum
antibodies
In secretions
Mucosal protection
Half-life = 6 days
IgD Antibodies
IgE Antibodies
Monomer
Monomer
0.2% of serum
antibodies
0.002% of serum
antibodies
On mast cells,
basophils, and in blood
On B cells, initiate
immune response
Half-life = 3 days
Half-life = 2 days
Clonal Selection
Fig 17.5
Antigen
Presentation by
B-cell
Weak response
with no memory
cells
Young children
react poorly
Fig 17.6
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Antibody Diversity
Susumu Tonegawa
Nobel Prize 1987
and match)
The Results
of Ag-Ab
Binding
Fig 17.7
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Compare to
Fig 17.10
APCs
Digest antigen
Ag fragments on APC
surface with MHC-II
B cells
Dendritic Cells
Macrophages
Activated macrophages:
Macrophages stimulated
by ingesting Ag or by
cytokines.
ANIMATION Cell-Mediated Immunity: Helper T Cells
Classes of T cells
Helper T Cells (CD4, TH)
are activated by antigen presented by MHC class II.
After binding to Ag presented by APC, CD4 cells
secrete cytokines activating other T cells and B cells
TH1 cells activate cells involved in cellular immunity
TH2 stimulate production of eosinophils, IgM, and IgE
( associated with allergic reactions and parasitic
infections)
Cytotoxic T cells (CD8, TC, CTL)
activated by endogenous antigens and MHC class I
When activated transform into CTLs and memory cells
MHC Class I on
all nucleated
cells
Antigen
Recognition by
T Cells
MHC Class II
on surface of
APCs
(Macrophages,
B-cells,
Mechanism of
Action of CTL
Destruction of cells
displaying MHC-I-Ag
complexes
Perforin molecules
create protein channels
in target cell membrane
Immunological Memory
Amount of antibody in serum is called the antibody titer.
1 response: Response of the body to the first contact
with an antigen. Mostly IgM
2 response: any subsequent contact with the same
antigen. Rapidly very high antibody titer. Mostly IgG
Fig 17.16
Passive Immunity
Protection via transfer of antibodies or
immune cells into a non-immune host, e.g.:
Naturally acquired:
Fetus receives mothers
antibodies via placenta
Artificially acquired via
vaccination injection of
immune serum after
exposure (snake bite,
Rh+ child with Rhmother etc.)
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Compare to
Fig 17.17