SF141325

: Fisika

Nuklir
Kredit

: 4 SKS

Semester

: VII

Pokok Bahasan :
Sifat sifat dasar inti; sifat intrinsik, ukuran inti, massa inti, gaya
inti
Model Inti; model inti kulit, model kolektif, modelgas Fermi, model
lainnya
Gejala radioaktifitas; hukum peluruhan, kesetimbangan radioaktif,
penentuan waktu paruh
Teori peluruhan; tinjauan kuantum dan spectrum peluruhan ,
dan, transisi tingkat energi
Sistem deteksi radiasi; jenis dan prinsip kerja detektor, metode
analisis cacah terdeteksi
Reaksi inti; hukum kekekalan energy, Nilai-Q, Laju reaksi,
penampang lintang, reaksi Fisi
Reaktor nuklir; fisika neutron, akselerator, reaktor fisi dan fusi
Aplikasi teknik nuklir; bidang kedokteran, industrimanufaktur,
pertanian, sipil, perminyakan

PUSTAKA :
PUSTAKA UTAMA
1.Krane, K.S., Introductory Nuclear Physics, John Wiley &
Sons, New York, 1988.
2.Arya, A.P., Fundamental Nuclear Physics, John Wiley and
Sons, New York, 1983
PUSTAKA PENDUKUNG
1.Eisberg, R., & R. Resnick, Quantum Physics of Atoms,
Molecules, Solids, Nuclei, and Particles, John Wiley & Sons,
New York, 2nd Ed, 1985.
2.Wong,S.S.M., Intro ductory Nuclear Physics, PTR Prentice
Hall, Englewood, New Jersey, 1990

Prosentase Penilaian
Quiz I : 15 %
ETS

: 30%

Quiz II : 15%
EAS

: 40%

Nuclear Physics History

History facts
1896 Bequerel
Discovers natural radioactivity in Uranium
salts. Conclusions the Uranium atom is
unstable
1897 J. J. Thompson
Discovers the electron in
cathode rays and
measures e/me
2015

1898 Wein - Discovers the proton in the Canal

rays of H2 discharge. A positive particle ~2000
times mass of electron.
1898 Mdm and Pierre Currie find new naturally
occuring radioactive atoms Polonium and Radium.

2015

1899 1903 Discovery of the , and

components of nuclear radiation 4
He

1900 1910 Thomson model of

the atom prevailed

Proton charge evenly

distributed over size of 1.
Electrons imbedded and
oscillatory.
2015

1911 The Nuclear Hypothesis.

Rutherford postulated that the

positive charge of the atom lay in a nucleus. The electrons circulated around the
nucleus to form the atom. Moreover Rutherford and his coworkers tested this model
experimentally by scattering alpha particles from the nucleus. The data confirmed the
nuclear model and not the Thompson model.

Nuclear radius less than

10

15

=1fm= 1 Fermi

Charge on nucleus = atomic number =Z

2015

1913 Bohr publishes the first quantum theory of

the H-atom based on the nuclear model
1911 1932 Electron + Protons model of nucleus
During the 1920s this model
came under criticism from
many physicists.
(i) How could the electrons be
confined

6
3
Spin
2015

Li

7
3

Li

3
2

(ii) How could the spins of nuclei

be accounted for?
Rutherford suggested that
there must be another
particle called the Neutron
inside the nucleus
5

1932 Neutron discovered by Chadwick

1932 Heisenberg - formalizes neutron + proton

model of nucleus
2015

1939 Discovery of Nuclear Fission Hahn, Meitner and

Strassman
1939 Liquid Drop Model completed
1942 First Controlled Fission
1945 First Fission Bomb
1947 Pi meson discovered by Powel
1949 Shell Model of Nuclear Structure completed
(Mayer, Jensen, Haxel, Suess)

2015

Particle physics history

Matter equates with Energy

E=mc

Energy

2015

Mass

Cockroft and Walton

http://homepage.eircom.net/~louiseboylan/Pages/Cockroft_walton.htm

1931, First artificial splitting

of nucleus
Also the first transmutation
using artificially accelerated
particles
And the first experimental
verification of E = mc2

John Cockcroft

Ernest Walton

Nobel Prize 1951

Cockroft and Walton

http://homepage.eircom.net/~louiseboylan/Pages/Cockroft_walton.htm

1931, First artificial splitting

of nucleus
Also the first transmutation
using artificially accelerated
particles
And the first experimental
verification of E = mc2

1
1H

7
4
4
3 Li 2 He 2 He

1 MeV

Proton + Lithium

Energy

17.3 MeV

Two alpha particles + Energy

History of Particle Physics

Hideki Yukawa (1907 1981)

2012

1935 Hideki Yukawa published

his theory of mesons, which
explained the interaction between
protons and neutrons, and was a
major influence on research into
elementary particles.
Yukawas theory predicted that
there was a particle the Pion
that mediated the strong nuclear
force that bound neutrons and
protons together in the nucleus
17

History of Particle Physics

1932 Carl Anderson working with high
altitude cloud chamber discovers the
positron (The anti-particle of the electron)
as predicted by Diracs theory
1936 Anderson also discovers the Muon
Carl Anderson (1905 1991) (then known as the Mu-Meson) The Muon
was originally thought to be the Yukawa
particle (Pion) because it had a mass in the
right range ~ 200 me. However the Muon did
not interact with neutrons or protons. We
now know the Pion is the parent of the
Muon. Pions decay into two particles, a muon and
a muon neutrino or antineutrino
2012

18

History of Particle Physics

1947 Cecil Powell and
collaborators at Bristol University
UK finally discovered the Pion in
short tracks in nuclear emulsions.
Cecil Powell (1903 1969)

2012

19

History of Particle Physics

1952First Proton Synchrotron 2.3GeV (Brookhaven)
1953 First production of Strange particles
1955 Anti-proton produced
1956 Parity violation discovered (C.S. Wu)
1964 Quark model proposed (Gell-Mann, Zweig)
1967 Electroweak model proposed (Weinberg, Salam)
1974 Charm quark discovered (Richter, Ting)
1977 Bottom quark discovered (Lederman)
1983 W and Z particles discovered (CERN)
1996 Top quark discovered (Fermi Lab)
2012

20

Todays Particle physics

Particle Physics:
searching for Higgs Boson
2011 First hard evidence of God particle (Higgs boson) was
found by CERN researchers --- yet to be confirmed in 2012

A typical 'candidate event' for the Higgs boson, including two high-energy photons whose
energy (depicted by red towers) is measured by CMS. The yellow lines are the measured
tracks of other particles produced in the collision
22

Particle Physics:
searching for Higgs Boson

The CMS detector weighs a staggering 13,000 tons.

CMS is a particle detector that is designed to see a wide range of particles and
phenomena produced in high-energy collisions in the Large Hadron Collider
(LHC) . Like a cylindrical onion, different layers of detectors measure the
different particles, and use this key data to build up a picture of events at the
heart of the collision
23

Particle Physics:
searching for Higgs Boson

Higgs hunters: A graphic showing a collision at full power at the CMS detector
control room
BBC: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-16116230
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2073533/Higgs-boson-First-hardevidence-God-particle-CERN.html
24

Particle Physics:
searching for Higgs Boson
2012 BIG QUESTION FOR 2012: IS THE HIGGS BOSON
REAL?
The existence of the Higgs particle will either be confirmed or
denied by the LHC in the next few months. 2012 will
be the year when the final piece of the Standard Model
puzzle slots into place. No more rumors, no more
"tentative glimpses"; 2012 will answer the big question:
Does the Higgs boson exist?
http://news.discovery.com/space/big-question-for-2012-higgsboson-real-111213.html

2012

25

Particle Physics
This plot basically shows the
energy of detected particles
along the bottom (x-axis) and
"confidence level" (CL) up the
side (y-axis). The dotted,
curved line (inside the green
band), is the energy of the
particles that would
theoretically be detected if the
Higgs boson doesn't exist.

However, the dark wavy line represents the particles that the ATLAS detector has
actually detected so far. As you can see, this line differs greatly from the theoretical line
-- the bump skyrockets at around the 125 GeV (Giga-electronvolts), approximately 125times the mass-energy of a single proton -- breaking the green barrier (representing "1sigma") and the yellow barrier (representing "2-sigma"). In fact, this peak represents a
"2.4 sigma" result. The 2.4-sigma result represents a 98 percent certainty that this
bump is real and not experimental error. What's more, the bump lies right around the
predicted energy of a "light" Higgs boson as predicted by the Standard Model -- the
theory that governs all known particles and forces (except gravity).
26

Practical Applications
Nuclear fission for energy generation.
No greenhouse gases
Safety and storage of radioactive material.
Nuclear fusion
No safety issue (not a bomb)
Less radioactive material but still some.
Nuclear transmutation of radioactive waste with
neutrons.
Turn long lived isotopes stable or short lived.
Every physicist should have an informed opinion on
these important issues!
2012

28

*Slide by Tony Weidberg

Medical Applications
Radiotherapy for cancer
Kill cancer cells.
Used for 100 years but can be improved by
better delivery and dosimetery
Heavy ion beams can give more localised
energy deposition.
Medical Imaging
MRI (Nuclear magnetic resonance)
X-rays (better detectors lower doses)
Positron emission tomography (PET)
Many otherssee Medical &
Environmental short option.
2012

29

*Slide by Tony Weidberg

Medical Applications
3

He magnetic resonance imaging of the lung

Non-smoker

Light smoker

Mainz University and University hospital Mainz, 1999

Other Applications
Radioactive Dating
C14/C12 gives ages for dead
plants/animals/people.
Rb/Sr gives age of earth as 4.5 Gigayear (1
Gigayear= 1109 years).
Element analysis
Forenesic (eg date As in hair).
Biology (eg elements in blood cells)
Archaeology (eg provenance via isotope
ratios).
2012

31

*Slide by Tony Weidberg