A

SEMINAR ON

OPTICAL
FIBER

Submitted to:-

Submitted by:-

Ravi Goyal Sir

Ram Niwas Bajya

Contents
Optical fibre
Basic physics of OFC
Merits & Demerits of OFC
Nomenclature of OFC
Absorption & attenuation
Jointing & termination of OFC
Optical sources & Detectors
FBG & Applications
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OPTICAL FIBER
OFC have Fibres which are long, thin strands made with
pure glass about the diameter of a human hair

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Total internal reflection

At some angle, known as the critical angle c, light traveling from a higher
refractive index medium to a lower refractive index medium will be refracted at
90 i.e. refracted along the interface.

If the light hits the interface at any angle larger than this critical angle, it will
not pass through to the second medium at all. Instead, all of it will be reflected
back into the first medium, a process known as total internal reflection

Incident angle
=
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Optical fiber mode

Fibbers that carry
more
than
one
mode at a specific
light
wavelength
are
called
multimode fibres.
Some fibres have
very
small
diameter core that
they can carry only
one mode which
travels
as
a
straight line at the
centre of the core.
These fibres are
single mode fibres.
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Optical fiber's
Numerical Aperture(NA)
Multimode optical fiber
will only propagate light
that enters the fiber
within a certain cone,
known as the acceptance
cone of the fiber. The halfangle of this cone is called
the acceptance angle
max. For step-index
multimode fiber, the
acceptance angle is
determined only by the
indices of refraction:
Where
n is the refractive index of the medium light is
traveling before entering the fiber
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nf is the refractive index of the fiber core
nc is the refractive index of the cladding

Medium / Link

Carrier

Information Capacity

Copper Cable

1 MHz

1 Mbps

(short distance)
Coaxial Cable
100 MHz
(Repeater every 4.5 km)

140 Mbps (BSNL)

UHF Link

2 GHz

8 Mbps (BSNL), 2 Mbps (Rly.)

MW Link

7 GHz

140 Mbps (BSNL), 34 Mbps (Rly.)

(Repeater every 40 km)

OFC

1550 nm

2.5 Gbps(STM-16 Rly.)

10 Gbps (STM-64)
1.28 Tbps (128 Ch. DWDM)

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20 Tbps (Possible)

Frequency Vs Attenuation In
Various Types of Cable
More
information
carrying
capacity
fibbers can
handle
much
higher data
rates than
copper.
More
information
can be sent
in a second
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Limitations of OFC

Difficulty in jointing (splicing)

Highly skilled staff would be required for maintenance

Precision and costly instruments are required

Tapping for emergency and gate communication is difficult.

Costly if under- utilised

Special interface equipments required for Block working

Accept unipolar codes i.e. return to zero codes only.

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Nomenclature for Optical Interface

Optical Interface specified as X.Y.Z

X can be I or S or L or V or U & denotes haul

I for intra station (up to 2 km)
S for short haul (15 km)
L for long haul (40 km at 1310 nm & 80 km at 1550 nm)
V for very long haul (60 km at 1310 nm & 120 km at 1550
nm)
U for ultra-long haul (160 km at 1550 nm)

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 Y can be 1 or 4 or 16 or 64 & denotes STM Level

1 for STM-1

4 for STM-4

16 for STM-16

64 for STM-64

Z can be 1 or 2 or 3 & denotes fibre type

1 for 1310 nm over NDSF (G.652 fibre)

2 for 1550 nm over NDSF (G.652 fibre)

3 for 1550 nm over DSF (G.653 fibre)

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5 for 1550 nm over NZDSF (G.655 fibre)

Examples of Nomenclature for

Optical Interface

I.16.1 Intra station STM-16 link on 1310 nm fibre

S.16.2 Short haul STM-16 link on 1550 nm fibre (G.652)

L.16.2 & L.16.3 Long haul STM-16 link on 1550 nm fibre (G.652 &
G.653)

S.4.1 Short haul STM-4 link on 1310 nm fibre

L.4.1 Long haul STM-4 link on 1310 nm fibre (40 km)

S.1.1 Short haul STM-1 link on 1310 nm fibre

L.1.1 Long haul STM-1 link on 1310 nm fibre (40 km)

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Absorption & Attenuation

Scattering of light due to molecular level irregularities in the glass

Light absorption due to presence of residual materials, such as
metals or water ions, within the fiber core and inner cladding.
These water ions that cause the water peak region on the
attenuation curve, typically around 1380 nm.

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Absorption loss & Scattering loss

Three peaks in attenuation

a). 1050 nm

b). 1250 nm

c). 1380 nm

Three troughs in attenuation (Performance windows)

a.) 850 nm: 2 dB/km
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dB/km

b). 1310 nm: 0.35 dB/km

c). 1550 nm: 0.25

JOINTING AND TERMINATION OF OFC

There are two methods for jointing Optical fibre cable.
a). splicing
b.) connectors
a).

splicing

1.Fusion Splicing Fusion splicing provides a fast, reliable, low-loss, fibreto-fibre connection by creating a homogenous joint
between the two fibre ends.
The fibres are melted or fused together by heating the
fibre ends, typically using an electric arc.
Fusion splices provide a high-quality joint with the
lowest loss (in the range of 0.01 dB to 0.10 dB for singlemode fibres) and are practically non-reflective.
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2. Mechanical Splicing Mechanical splicing is of slightly higher losses (about 0.2 db)
and less-reliable performance
System operators use mechanical splicing for emergency
restoration because it is fast, inexpensive, and easy.
Mechanical splices are reflective and non-homogenous
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b). Basics about connectors Fibre optic connector facilitates re-mateable connection i.e.
disconnection /
reconnection of fibre
Connectors are used in applications where Flexibility is required in
routing an
optical signal from lasers to receivers
Reconfiguration is necessary
Termination of cables is required
Connector
consists
of 4 parts:
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Ferrule
Connector body

Optical sources
An optical source is a major component of optical transmitters. Fiber
optic communication systems often use semiconductor optical
sources such as Light emitting diodes ( LEDs) and semiconductor
lasers.
Some of the advantages are:
Compact in size
High efficiency
Good reliability
Right wavelength range
Small emissive area compatible with fibre core dimensions
Possibility of direct emulation at relatively high frequencies
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Optical Detectors
The role of an optical receiver is to convert the optical signal
back into electrical signal and recover the data transmitted
through the optical fibre communication system. Its vital
component is a photo detector that converts light into
electricity through the photoelectric effect.
Some the advantages are:
high sensitivity
fast response
low noise
low cost
high reliability
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FBG and
Applications
The Filter that Bragg Grading

Fiber Grating

Fiber grating is made by periodically changing the refraction

index in the glass core of the fiber. The refraction changes are
made by exposing the fiber to the UV-light with a fixed pattern.

Glass core

Glass cladding

Plastic jacket

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Periodic refraction index change

(Gratings)

Fiber Grating Basics

When the grating period is half of the input light wavelength, this
wavelength signal will be reflected coherently to make a large
reflection.

The Bragg Condition

trans.

in
reflect

Reflection spectrum

Transmission spectrum
n

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r = 2neff

(refraction index difference)

Creating Gratings on
Fiber
One common way to make gratings on fiber is using Phase Mask
for UV-light to expose on the fiber core.

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Characteristics of FBG

It is a reflective type filter

It is very stable after annealing

The gratings are permanent on the fiber after proper

annealing process

The reflective spectrum is very stable over the time

It is transparent to through wavelength signals

Not like to other types of filters, the demanded

wavelength is reflected instead of transmitted

The gratings are in fiber and do not degrade the

through traffic wavelengths, very low loss

It is an in-fiber component and easily integrates to

other optical devices

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Temperature Impact on
FBG
The fiber gratings is generally sensitive to temperature change
(10pm/C) mainly due to thermo-optic effect of glass.
Athermal packaging technique has to be used to compensate the
temperature drift
1 5 3 5 .2

C e n te r W a v e l e n g t h (n m )

1 5 3 5 .0

1 5 3 4 .8

1 5 3 4 .6

1 5 3 4 .4

1 5 3 4 .2

At hermal
1 5 3 4 .0

Normal

1 5 3 3 .8
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15

35
Temp erature ( )

55

75

Types of Fiber Gratings

TYPES

CHARACTERS

APPLICATIONS

Simple reflective
gratings

Creates gratings on the fiber that

meets the Bragg condition

Filter for DWDM,

stabilizer, locker

Long period
gratings

Significant wider grating periods

that couples the light to cladding

Gain flattening filter,

dispersion
compensation

Chirped fiber
Bragg gratings

A sequence of variant period

gratings on the fiber that reflects
multiple wavelengths

Gain flattening filter,

dispersion
compensation

Slanted fiber
gratings

The gratings are created with an

angle to the transmission axis

Gain flattening filter

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Typical FBG Production

Procedures
Select
Proper
fiber
Different
FBG
requires
different
specialty
fiber

H2
loading

Increase
photo
sensitivity
for easier
laser
writing

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Laser
writing

Optical
alignment &
appropriate
laser writing
condition

Annealing

Enhance
grating
stability

Athermal
packaging

For
temperature
variation
compensation

Testing

Spec test

Current Applications of
FBG

FBG for DWDM

FBG for OADM

FBG as EDFA Pump laser stabilizer

FBG as Optical amplifier gain flattening filter

FBG as Laser diode wavelength lock filter

FBG as Tunable filter

FBG for Remote monitoring

FBG as Sensor

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Wave locker

Possible Use of FBG in

ITU FBG filter
System
Pump stabilizer &
Dispersion

Gain flattening filter

compensation filter

E/O

Dispersion
Multiplexer control

EDFA
OADM

Demux

EDFA

ITU FBG filter

Switch

Pump stabilizer &

Gain flattening filter

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ITU FBG filter

Tunable filter
Monitor sensor

Monitor

ITU FBG Filter for DWDM

Circulator
1, 2 n

FBG at 1

Circulator

FBG at 2

Circulator

Circulator

Circulator

FBG at 3

...

Multiplexer
Circulator
1, 2 n

FBG at 1

1
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De-multiplexer

FBG at 2

FBG at 3

...

ITU FBG Filter for OADM

Incoming signal

Outgoing signal
Through signal

Circulator

Circulator
FBG

Dropped signal

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Added signal

Dispersion
Compensation Filter
circulator

Dispersed
pulse
Chirped FBG

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Pump Laser Stabilizer

+

Fiber
Pump Laser

Focal lens

980
spectrum
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980 Stabilizer

Gain Flattening Filter

20

Gain profile

15

GFF profile

G a in (d B )

10

Output

5
0
-5
-1 0
-1 5
1500

1520

1540

1560

W a v e le n g th (n m )
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1580

1600

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