Pumps

Pumps are used to move liquid from a low pressure or

low elevation to higher pressure or elevation.
Two types of pumps generally in oil industry
Centrifugal pumps: Are recommended to use where
large volume at lesser pressure are required. Higher
pressure can also be achieved by multi-stage
centrifugal pump.
Reciprocating pumps: Are recommended to use where
high discharge pressure and low flow rate are required

Centrifugal
Flow is completely steady
No output limit.
High head obtained with
multi-stage at high speed
with large output.
Range 1000 to 3000 rpm
Direct coupling with motor
or engine.
Less efficiency when Q/H
is low.
Q depends on H.
Low capital &
maintenance cost

Reciprocating
Flow is more or less
pulsating.
Output rarely exceeds
200 m3/hr.
High head obtained
efficiently at low speed.
Range 100 to 300rpm
Reduction gear required.
Efficiency is very high.
Q is independent of H.
high capital &
maintenance cost

Centrifugal Pump
Centrifugal pump imparts velocity to a liquid. This
velocity change into pressure energy. Head develop is
approx equal to velocity energy.
H = V2/2g, where H is head in feet, g is 32.2 ft/sec2.
This velocity can be calculated by
V = RPM X D/229

The static head corresponding to any pressure is

dependent on the weight of liquid by the formula
Head in feet = head in psi x 2.31/ Sp.Gr.
Static Suction left : when the source of supply is below
the centre line of pump. Vertical distance in feet from the
centre line of pump to the top level of suction reservoir.

 Static suction head :when the source of supply is above

the centre line of pump. Vertical distance in feet from the
centre line of pump to the top level of suction reservoir.
Static discharge head: is the vertical distance in feet
from between the pump centerline and the top liquid level
in discharge reservoir.
Total static head: Vertical distance in feet from the top
level of suction reservoir to the top liquid level in
discharge reservoir.
Friction head: head required to overcome resistance to
flow in pipes & fittings.
Velocity head: head necessary to accelerate the fluid &
calculated as
hv = v2 /2g.

 Total Dynamic Suction Lift (h s): Static suction lift minus velocity head
at suction flange plus total friction head in the suction line.
Total Dynamic Suction Head (h s): Static suction head plus velocity
head at suction flange minus total friction head in the suction line.
Total Dynamic Discharge Head (h d): Static discharge head plus
velocity head at discharge flange plus total friction head in the
discharge line.
Total Dynamic Head (TDH)
TDH = hd + hs (with a suction lift)
TDH = hd - hs (with a suction head)
Capacity : Q is normally expressed gpm & is directly related to the
velocity of flow and area of the pipe.
Q = A X V or V = Q/A

`
Hydraulic Horsepower (HHP):Work performed by pump
is a function of total head & the weight of liquid pumped
in a given time period.Pump output or HHP is the liquid
horsepower delivered by the pump & is expressed as
HHP = Q x TDH x Sp. Gr. / 3960
Brake Horsepower (BHP):Pump input or BHP is the
actual horsepower delivered to the pump shaft & is
expressed as
BHP = Q x TDH x Sp. Gr. / 3960 x
NPSH : Total suction head in feet absolute at suction
nozzle minus the vapour pressure of the liquid in feet
absolute or is defined as the net pressure above the
vapour pressure of the liquid being pumped. NPSH
available exceeds the NPSH required by at least 3 to 5
feet

 Pump sizing formulas

Head in feet = head in psi x 2.31/ Sp.Gr
HHP of centrifugal Pump
= gpm x head in ft x Sp.Gr/3960
HHP of reciprocating Pump
= gpm x psi / 1714
BHP = HHP / Efficiency
Elect HP input to motor = Pump BHP/
KW input to motor = Pump BHP x .7457 /
Affinity Laws : These laws are the mathematical
relationship between variables for centrifugal pump
performance.
with impeller dia constant.
Q1/Q2 = N1/N2

H1/H2 = (N1/N2)2
BHP1/BHP2 = (N1/N2)3

 With speed constant

H1/H2 = (D1/D2)2

Q1/Q2 = D1/D2

BHP1/BHP2 = (D1/D2)3

Problems
An oil of Sp. Gr .85 is required to transport from
an underground tank 30 deep from the pump
suction to an uphill tank at 130 high. A pump
operating at 2000 rpm having an impeller dia 12
delivering at rate of 300 gpm is required to
install. Calculate the BHP of the pump, the
friction losses along the pipes and fittings is 40
psi. The pump is assumed to be 65% efficient.
If a pump delivers 350 gpm at 1200 rpm. What
will it deliver at 1800 rpm?

Reciprocating Pumps
In this pump energy is added to the fluid intermittently by
moving one or more boundaries linearly with a piston, plunger
or diaphragm.
If the liquid is pumped during movement in one direction it is
classified as single acting.
If the liquid is pumped during movement in both direction it is
classified as double acting.
These pumps are also classified by the no. of cylinders as
simplex, duplex, triplex or quantaplex etc.
NPSH available must exceeds the NPSH requird.
In case low NPSH application centrifugal pumps are used as
a charge pump to feed the suction of recipes'.

 Pulsation dampeners are used at suction and discharge

of pump the minimize pulsation, piping vibration and to
reduce pump maintenance cost.
Pressure relief valves must be installed at discharge and
suction.
Swing type check valve (NRV) to be installed at pump
discharge to avoid flow reversal and to reduce pulsation.
A cone type strainer to be installed at pump suction.

COMPRESSOR
The function of a compressor is to take a
definite quantity of fluid (a gas or air) and
deliver it at a required higher pressure.
Compressors are used for compressible
fluids where as pumps are used for noncompressible fluids

TYPES OF COMPRESSORS
Centrifugal Compressors
Reciprocating Compressors
Screw Compressors

GENERAL APPLICATION
Centrifugal Compressors:
High mass rate of flow and low pressure
ratios.
Reciprocating Compressors:
Low mass rate of flow and high pressure
ratios.

Centrifugal Compressors
A centrifugal compressor consists of an impeller
with a series of curved radial vanes. Air is drawn
in, through the impeller eye and is whirled
around at higher speeds by the vanes on the
impeller as the impeller rotates at high rotational
speed.

RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS
A reciprocating compressor is one which
increases the out let pressure of gas/air by
the reciprocating movement of piston.
Ration of discharge pressure & suction
pressure is called compression ratio.
In production facilities mostly packaged
type reciprocating are used.

Component of Compressors

Compressor
Prime mover
Scrubbers
Suction & discharge pulsation bottles
Coolers
Control panel
Control valves, safety devices and
instrumentation

OPERATING CYCLE
1.
2.
3.
4.

Suction valve opens and gas is

drawn into the cylinder (1 - 2).
Suction valve closes and gas
compression begins (2 - 3).
Discharge valve opens and the
compressed gas is discharged
from the cylinder (3 - 4).
Discharge valve closes. A gap
is shown in this diagram
between zero volume and the
volume at position 4 which is
clearance
volume
in
the
cylinder. ( 4 - 1).

Swept Volume
Swept volume is the volume swept by a
compressor piston during a complete stroke.
Swept volume is expressed in cubic inches and
calculated as follows:
Head End = Area Piston (in2) * Stroke (in)
Crank End = (Area Piston (in2) - Area Rod (in2)) * Stroke
(in)
Total = [2 x Area Piston (in2) - Area Rod (in2) ] * Stroke (in)

Piston Displacement

Piston displacement is expressed in cubic feet per

minute and is the product of the swept volume and
compressor speed in revolutions per minute. The
following formula would be used to calculate the
displacement of a cylinder;
Piston Displacement (CFM)= Swept Volume(cu. m) x RPM
1728

Lubrication System
Compressor moving parts generate heat
due to friction.
Force feed lubrication can minimize
friction & keep the comp cool.
Piston, piston rod Packing, crosshead
sleepers, crankshaft, main and rod
bearings are lubricated