Introduction to turbines

(Steam & Gas)

Lecture # 27-28
Mujahid Mehdi Abro
University

Indus

Turbine

Turbines An
Introduction
A turbine is a
rotary
mechanical
device
that
extracts
energy
from a fluid flow
and converts it into
mechanical energy.

Classification of turbines
Classification of turbines based on working
fluid:

1. Hydraulic turbines
2. Wind turbine
3. Steam turbines
4. Gas turbines

steam turbines
When the working fluid is steam, turbines are
called steam turbines.

INTRODUCTION
A steam turbine is a prime
mover in which rotary motion is
obtained by the gradual change
of momentum of the steam.

WORKING
In steam turbine the force exerted on
the blades is due to the velocity of the
steam. Curved blades receive a force
or impulse by changing the direction
of steam. This action of steam is
dynamic. The dynamic pressure of
steam rotates the vanes, buckets or
blades. These blades are curved in
such a way that steam enters upon
them without shock. There is some
loss of energy by the friction upon the

PARTS
In general, the steam turbine
essentially consists of two parts.
1) The nozzle: The nozzle in which the heat
energy of high pressure steam is
converted in to kinetic energy, so
that the steam issues from the
nozzle with a very high velocity.
2) The blades: Which change the direction of
steam issuing from the nozzle, so
that a force acts on the blades
due to change of momentum and

ASSIFICATION OF STEAM TURBIN

i) Impulse turbine
turbine

ii) Reaction

IMPULSE TURBINE
DEFINATION: It is a turbine which turns by the
impulse of steam jet.
IMPULSE: Here impulse means the action of the
jet of steam, impinging on the blades.

WORKING
The steam is first made to flow
through the nozzle, then the
steam jet impinges on the
turbine blades (curved like
buckets) and are mounted on
the circumference of the wheel.
The steam jet after pinging
glides over the concave surfaces
of the blades and finally leave
the turbine by giving it a
rotation. Here should be noted
that the rotation of rotor is due
to the impulsive forces of the
steam jets.

REACTION TURBINE
WORKING: In a reaction turbine the
steam enters the wheel
under pressure and flows
over the blades. The steam
while gliding, propels the
blades and make them to
move.
The turbine runner is
rotated by the reactive
forces of steam jets. The
backward motion of the

COMPARISION BETWEEN
IMPULSE AND REACTION
TURBINE

GAS TURBINES
The idea of gas turbine is oldest
one, and improved version is
windmill,
which
was
used
several centuries back. In order
to achieve an efficient working
of the turbine the movement of
gas (air) is properly controlled
and then directed on the blades.
The air under pressure is
supplied to the turbine by an air
compressor, which is run by the
turbine itself.

CLASSIFICATION OF GAS TURBINES

There are generally two types of gas
turbine:
1) Closed cycle gas turbines
2) Open cycle gas turbines

CLOSED CYCLE GAS TURBINE

Closed cycle gas turbine consists of
a compressor, heating chamber, gas
turbine that drives the generator
and compressor and a cooling
chamber.

OPEN CYCLE GAS TURBINE

The open cycle gas turbine consists
of
a
compressor,
combustion
chamber and a gas turbine, which
drives the generator, and a
compressor.

Components of Gas Turbine :

Air compressor:
The air compressor and turbine are mounted at either end on a
common shaft, with the combustion chamber between them.
Gas turbines are not self starting. A starting motor is used.
The air compressor sucks in air and compresses it, thereby
increasing its pressure.

Combustion chamber:
In the combustion chamber, the compressed air
combines with fuel and the resulting mixture is
burnt.
The greater the pressure of air, the better the fuel
air mixture burns.
Modern gas turbines usually use gaseous fuel,
natural gas or gas produced artificially by
gasification of a solid fuel.

Turbine:
Hot gases move through a multistage gas turbine.
Like in steam turbine, the gas turbine also has
stationary and moving blades.
The shaft of the turbine is coupled to a generator.

WORKING
The
air
obtained
from
the
atmosphere is compressed in an air
compressor. The compressed air is
then passed in the combustion
chamber where it is heated. The hot
air is then allowed to flow over the
blades, which produces a rotation.
During this process the air gets
expanded
and
finally
it
is
exhausted. A major part of power
developed is consumed for driving
the compressor. The remaining

Applications of gas turbine:

Drive Pumps, Compressors And High
Speed Cars.
Aircraft and ships.
Power generation (used for peak load
and as stand-by unit).

COMPARISION BETWEEN
GAS AND STEAM TURBINE