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Illustration
The oil producer can hedge with the following
transactions:
May 15: Short 1000 August futures contracts
on crude oil
August 15: Close out futures position
Suppose spot price on August 15 proves to be $55.
- Gain in futures: $59-55 = $4 per barrel or $4million.
- Sales in spot market = $ 55m
- Net = $55+ $4 = $59million
-Effective price = $ 59 million/1 million barrels = $59/b
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Illustration
The copper fabricator can hedge with the following
transactions:
now: Take a long position in 4 May futures
contracts on copper
May 15: Close out the position.
Suppose that the price of copper on May 15 is 325
cents.
-Gain in futures: (3.25-3.20)*100,000= $5000
- Buying cost in spot: $ 325,000
- Net outcomes: ($325,000) + 5000= (320,000)
- Effective price: 320 cents per pound
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Cross hedging
Occurs when 2 assets are different.
Hedge ratio is the ratio of the size of the
position taken in futures contracts to the size
of the exposure.
Hedge ratio=1 if underlying asset in futures
contract is the same as the asset being hedge
When cross hedging is used, setting the
hedge ratio equal to 1 is not always optimal.
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h* S
where
F
S is the standard deviation of S, the change in the spot
price during the hedging period,
F is the standard deviation of F, the change in the
futures price during the hedging period
is the coefficient of correlation between S and F.
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QF
VA
VF
h *Q A
QF
h *V A
VF
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Example continued
The size of one heating oil contract is 42,000 gallons
The spot price is 1.94 and the futures price is 1.99
(both dollars per gallon) so that
V A 1.94 2,000,000 3,880,000
V F 1.99 42,000 83,580
Optimal number of contracts assuming no daily
settlement 0.7777 2,000,000 42,000 37.03
Optimal number of contracts after tailing
0.7777 3,880,000 83,580 36.10
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VF
Example
S&P 500 futures price is 1,000
Value of Portfolio is $5 million
Beta of portfolio is 1.5
What position in futures contracts on the S&P
500 is necessary to hedge the portfolio?
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Changing Beta
What position is necessary to reduce
the beta of the portfolio to 0.75?
What position is necessary to increase
the beta of the portfolio to 2.0?
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