Energy In A Coupled Circuit

Energy stored in an inductor:

1 2
w  Li Unit : Joule

2
Energy stored in a coupled circuit:

1 1
w  L 1i1  L 2 i 2  Mi 1i 2
2 2

2 2
Positive sign: both currents enter or leave the dotted terminals
Negative sign: one current enters and one current leaves the dotted terminals

11/4/21 CHETAN UPADHYAY 1

 Energy In A Coupled Circuit
Coupled Circuit
M
i1 i2

+ +

v1
.
L1
. L2 v2

- -

11/4/21 CHETAN UPADHYAY 2

 Energy In A Coupled Circuit
Energy stored must be greater or equal to zero.

1 2 1 2
L1i1  L 2i 2  Mi1i 2  0
2 2
L1L 2  M  0 or
M  L1L 2

Mutual inductance cannot be greater than the geometric mean of self inductances.

11/4/21 CHETAN UPADHYAY 3

 Energy In A Coupled Circuit
The coupling coefficient k is a measure of the magnetic
coupling between two coils 0  k 1

M
k or M  k L1L 2
L1L 2
Where:

0  k 1 or 0  M  L1L 2

11/4/21 CHETAN UPADHYAY 4

 Energy In A Coupled Circuit

Perfectly coupled : k = 1

Loosely coupled : k < 0.5 Tightly coupled : k > 0.5

- Linear/air-core transformers - Ideal/iron-core transformers
Coupling coefficient depends on :
1. The closeness of the two coils
2. Their core
3. Their orientation
4. Their winding

11/4/21 CHETAN UPADHYAY 5

 COMPARISON OF MAGNETIC/ELECTRIC CIRCUIT
SIMILARITIES
MAGNETIC CIRCUIT
•The closed path for magnetic flux is
called magnetic circuit.
• flux = mmf / reluctance
• flux Ф in Weber
• mmf in AT
• reluctance = S = l / µ A
• permeance = 1 / reluctance
• permeability
• reluctivity
•Flux density B = Ф / A
• Magnetic Intensity H = NI / l
11/4/21
ELECTRIC CIRCUIT
•The closed path for electric current
is called electric circuit.
• current = emf / resistance
• current I in ampere
• emf in volts
• resistance = R = ρ l / A
• conductance = 1 / resistance
• conductivity
• resistivity
• current density J = I / A
• Electric intensity E = V/d
CHETAN UPADHYAY 6
 Comparison of electrical and magnetic circuit
Dissimilarities

Magnetic circuit Electrical Circuit

• Magnetic flux does not flow but
is set up in the magnetic circuit
• For magnetic flux, there is no
perfect insulator
• At constant temp, the
reluctance of a magnetic circuit
is not constant but varies with
µr
• Once magnetic flux is set up in
a magnetic circuit, no energy is
needed
• The electric current actually flows
in an electric circuit.
• For electric circuit, there are large
number of perfect insulators
• At constant temp, the resistance
of an electric circuit is constant as
its value depends on resistivity
which is almost constant
• Energy is needed as long as
current flows through the electric
circuit.

11/4/21 CHETAN UPADHYAY 7

 Equivalent Inductance in parallel
• The inductances can be connected in parallel
such that : -
• 1) the mutually induced emf assists the self
induced emfs.
• 2) the mutually induced emf opposes the self
induced emfs.

11/4/21 CHETAN UPADHYAY 8

 Dot convention Suppose, both are in parallel, v1 = v2

i1 M i2 di1 di2
 
v1  L1 M

L2
 dt dt
v1 L1 v2
di1 di2
 
v2  M  L2
dt dt

i1 M i2
di1 di2
 

v1  L1 M
v1 L1 L2
v2
dt dt
   di1 di2
v2   M  L2
dt dt
When the reference direction for a current enters the dotted
terminal of a coil, the reference polarity of the voltage that it
induces in the other coil is positive at its dotted terminal.
11/4/21 CHETAN UPADHYAY 9
 Suppose, both are in parallel, v1 = v2
i1 M i2 i1 M

   
  
L2 L2
v1 L1 v2 v1 L1 v2
    
i2

di1 di2 di1 di2

v1  L1 M v1  L1 M
dt dt dt dt
di1 di2 di1 di2
v2   M  L2 v2   M  L2
dt dt dt dt

11/4/21 CHETAN UPADHYAY 10

 RL circuit:
What happens to an inductor
in a circuit?

11/4/21 CHETAN UPADHYAY 11

Result: Charging

  t /
I (t ) (1  e )
R
λ = L/R =τ -time constant

11/4/21 CHETAN UPADHYAY 12

Discharging:

 t /
I (t )  I 0e

11/4/21 CHETAN UPADHYAY 13

The switch S below is initially unconnected. At time tA
the switch is connected to point A. What is the
equation from KLR for this circuit?

di
1 )  L  iR  0
dt
di
2 )  L  iR  0
dt
di
3 )  L  iR  0
dt
di
4 )  L  iR  0
11/4/21 dt CHETAN UPADHYAY 14