Professional Documents
Culture Documents
RADIOGRAPHY
Moderator
Mr. Ram Singh (Lecturer)
Deptt. Of Radio-Diagnosis & Imaging
P.G.I.M.E.R
Presented By
SUNIL KUMAR SEKSANA
B. Sc. MT ( Final Year Student )
Deptt. Of Radio-Diagnosis & Imaging
P.G.I.M.E.R
INTRODUCTION
DIGITAL RADIOGRAPHY (DR) is a
representation of continuous analog
information into digital form by the use of
computer which processes the digital data to
form an image.
Conventional radiography has dominated the
filed of radiography for many years. But it has
always been recognized that Film / Screen
system has certain limitations.
LIMITATIONS OF FILM / SCREEN
SYSTEM
Exposure error permanent on image.
Faults in the film can lead to repeat the
examination.
Delay in viewing image.
Dynamic range of the x-ray film is limited.
Difficult to visualize widely varying tissue.
Storage and retrieval cost.
Copied radiographs are of inferior quality than
the original one.
3
These limitations can be
overcome by the incorporation of
Computer Technology into the
diagnostic X-ray imaging.
4
MILESTONE IN DIGITAL RADIOGRAPHY
Year Development
6
WHAT IS A DIGITAL IMAGE?
Collection of pixels laid out
in a specific order with width
(x) and height (y) in pixels .
• Each pixel has a numerical
value which correspond to
gray scale value.
PIXEL
NUMERICAL VALUE
7
PIXEL SIZE
IMAGE MATRIX
SIZE SIZE
(mm) (pixels)
Image size
Pixel size =
Matrix size
Image size – Dimension of the field of view ( FOV ) within the patient’s
body, not the size of a displayed image.
Matrix size – Number of pixels along the length and width of an image.
8
SCAN PROJECTION RADIOGRAPHY
9
COMPONENTS OF S.P.R. SYSTEM
X-Ray Tube.
10
ADVANTAGE
DISADVANTAGE
13
COMPONENTS OF CR SYSTEM
CR Cassette with
Imaging plates
ID Tablet
Image reader
Image Processor
Image recorder
14
CR CASSETTE WITH IMAGING PLATE
Material
• Body: ABS ( Acrylonitryl butadiene
styrene)
• Corners: PUR (Polyurethane rubber)
• Hinges: PP (Polypropylene)
• Inner lining: felt
Sizes
Same as that of conventional
cassette.
Identification
• Embedded memory chip
• Contactless RF identification
Backscatter protection
• 150 μ lead
Weight
• 35 x 43 cm typical 1.6 kg
15
Imaging Plate PROTECTIVE LAYER
PHOSPHOR LAYER
16
IMAGE READER
After exposure the cassette is
transferred to reader system
Cassette is opened automatically and
the imaging plate is transported for
scanning by laser beam (He.Ne)
It stimulate luminescence proportional
to the X-Ray energy absorbed
Luminescence signals are converted
into electrical signals by
photomultiplier tubes.
Electrical signals are sampled and
converted into digital signal by an ADC
The digital data is processed to form
an image which is displayed on the
monitor
17
What Happens to the Plate in the Reader?
2. Image plate is
1. Cassette and
removed from
image plate enter the
cassette
reader
4. Image plate is
erased with high
intensity light
18
19
20
21
ADVANTAGE OF CR SYSTEM
- No special equipment is required.
- Because of wider exposure latitude more information from
the x-ray beam will be extracted.
- Repeat becomes a matter of positioning rather than
exposure factors.
- All types of radiography is possible with CR system.
- The image on the CRT can be manipulated in a variety of
ways i.e. contrast enhancement, edge enhancement, black /
white reversal (post processing).
- Elimination of lost radiographs.
- Simplification in filing the images.
- Increased capability for consultation made possible by
electronic transmission of digital images (networking system).
22
CCD Slot Scan Direct Radiography
23
24
Selenium Drum DR System
Rotating selenium-dotted drum, which has a positive electrical surface
charge, is exposed to x-rays. During exposure, a charge pattern
proportional to that of the incident x-rays is generated on the drum surface
and is recorded during rotation by
an analog-to-digital converter .
Advantage:-
provide good image quality that is
superior to that provided by
screen-film or CR systems.
Disadvantage:-
because of their mechanical design,
selenium drum detectors are
dedicated thorax stand systems
with no mobility at all.
25
DIRECT RADIOGRAPHY
26
27
28
29
30
PRINCIPLES OF DIGITAL RADIOGRAPHY
As screen-film radiography serves detector
and storage medium both, digital detectors
are used only to generate the digital image.
The digital image then stored on a digital
medium. Digital imaging comprises four
separate steps:
generation.
processing.
archiving.
presentation of the image.
31
DIRECT DIGITAL IMAGING
Components required for
direct digital image
production are
- X-ray source.
- An electronic sensor.
- Computer
- Analog to Digital converter
(ADC).
- Screen monitor.
- Printer.
32
INDIRECT DIGITAL CONVERSION
-Indirect conversion of x-rays to electric
signal.
-Phosphor converts X-rays to light and
photodiode converts emitted light into
electrical signals.
-Commonly used phosphors are thallium
doped Cesium Iodide or Gadolinium Oxy-
Sulphide.
-Less sensitive to ambient temperature
variations.
33
34
COMPONENT
1. Cesium Iodide (Scintillator) Benefit
- needle structure provides high
resolution and absorption ◆ high spatial resolution, excellent
- outgoing light spectrum ideally matches
image quality within a wide kV range
aSi sensitivity ◆ capability for lower dose
- high DQE (Detective Quantum Efficiency)
35
MONITOR
36
DICOM PACS
Digital Image &
Communication in Picture Archival and
Medicine Communication System
Is the digital imaging • Used for storage and
standard that allows
images to be shared or distribution of digital images.
moved between different • Allows one to have all others
pieces of equipment from previous exams available for
different manufacturers comparison.
securely.
• Allows multiple simultaneous
Essential for teleradiology
and communication viewing.
between other DICOM
systems.
37
ADVANTAGES OF DDR
- Increased workflow efficiency, saving time and labour.
- Very short exposure time, eliminating motion blur ( as
high powered integrated x-ray system).
- Auto selection of filter and focal spot size.
- Automatic tracking for easy positioning.
- Automatic exposure control facility reduce the chance
of repeat.
- Immediate availability of image for quality check and
diagnosis.
- virtually no missing images due to digital storage
38
LIMITATIONS OF DDR
39
CR vs. DR
CR –
- more flexible.
- lower cost.
- Portable (still have to use CR reader to
process cassette, image available in 90 sec)
DR –
- higher throughput (images within few
seconds).
- more expensive.
- Portable – generally thought to have best
quality image.
40
Dynamic flat-panel detector fluoroscopy
Thickness 550µm
good X-ray
absorption
Needles act as
light-guides
sharp MTF
CsI:Tl emits
green light
42
Photodiode array: a-Si technology
Same technology
as used in active
matrix LCDs
(TFT displays)
a-Si photodiodes:
high sensitivity
for green light
43
Integris
Allura
Flat Dynamic
Detector
for Cardio
44
Technical Data
Digital Diagnost Integris Allura FD
Number of pixels 3k x 3k 1k x 1k
DQE(0) ≈ 60 % ≈ 75 %
45
Technical features of Various Digital radiography System
Feature Converter Readout Detector Pixel Size Matrix
size
47
48
Image Quality Parameters
(LSR)
(MTF) 49
Contrast / Dynamic Range
Low Contrast
High Contrast
Film-Screen
Detector
50
Dynamic Range
Contrast levels or film Dynamic range is a
densities generated over a measure of the signal
range of x-ray exposure response of a detector that
levels is exposed to x-rays
straight
Toe part
Image Brightness
Image Brightness
straight shoulder shoulder
Toe part
Resolution
52
Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR)
Quantum mottle is an appearance
of noise in the radiographic image
due to low SNR of the information
reaching the image recording
Increasing Contrast
system.
Contrast
Ratio
Sign
al
Nois
e
High Low SNR
Decreasing Noise SNR
53
obj
SN
ect
R
det
ect
Impact of Noise
abil
ity
2:
incr
1
eas
es
SN
ver
R
Quantum and electronic noise are unavoidable in a digital imaging
y
rapi
dly.
chain. The effect, often expressed as signal-to-noise ratio (SNR),
5:
can vary widely from system to system.
1
SN
R
X_Ray Photons
Light Photons
Electrons
Selenium
LANEX No Scattering
CsI
High Scattering Low Scattering “Perfect” MTF
04/17/10 Low MTF Good
SEMINAR - " DIGITAL MTF
RADIOGRAPHY "
Detective Quantum Efficiency ( DQE )
Detective quantum efficiency (DQE) is one of the
fundamental physical variables related to image
quality in radiography and refers to the efficiency
of a detector in converting incident x-ray energy
into an image signal.
It dependent on
- Radiation exposure,
- Spatial frequency,
- MTF,
- Detector material.
- Quality of the radiation applied (voltage and current).
56
Artifacts in Digital Radiography
1. image plate artifacts ( In
CR ).
57
2. Plate Reading Artifact ( in CR )
61
Quality Assurance
For Conventional Projection or DR
Radiography: The same rules, theories, and
laws still apply and can not be overlooked
- FFD/OFD (SID/SOD).
- Inverse Square Law.
- Beam Alignment.
- Tube-Part-Film Alignment.
- Collimation.
- Grids.
- Exposure Factors: KVP, mAs.
62
PERIODIC QUALITY CONTROL
Daily (technologist) Monthly (Technologist)
– General inspection. – Film processor maintenance (if
– Film processor / Laser any).
printer. – Inspect and clean image
receptors.
– Erase imaging plates.
– Review film retake rate.
– Verify digital interfaces and
Semi-Annually / Annually (Physicist)
network transmission. – Evaluate image quality.
Weekly (technologist) – Acceptance tests to re-establish
– Test phantom images. baseline values.
– System cleanliness. – Review.
QC records.
Service history.
63
CONCLUSION