001 Kuliah Pengantar Biokimia

KULIAH PENGANTAR
PRAKTIKUM BIOKIMIA
BLOK HEMATOLOGI
DIAN ARININGRUM, dr, MKes, SpPK
Copyright 2004, Medicine School of Shandong University
Tujuan pembelajaran
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Struktur dan fungsi membran eritrosit

Metabolisme dan energetika eritrosit
Aspek klinis dari defek struktur membran
dan defek metabolisme eritrosit
Membrane disruption agent
Kalsium darah
EMP (Glikolisis anaerob)

ATP, Laktat & NADH
ENZIMOPATHY anemia
hemolitik
Masuk sel sec facilitated diffusion

(glucosa transporter glucose
permease; sebagian insulindependent)
Peran G6PD; menghasilkan NADPH

reduksi GSSG mjd GSH
melindungi membran dr kerusakan
oksidatif
2,3-DPG regulasi
afinitas Hb-O2
Jalur Pentose-Phosphate
Sumber energi : Glukosa
Jalur LueberingRapoport
Konsep Dasar Metabolisme Eritrosit

-
Tdk punya inti & organela tdk bisa mensintesis protein

- Msh aktif secara metabolik ATP disintesis dr glikolisis anaerob
Destruksi eritrosit tua,
di SRE
- Tetrapirol Bilirubin
- Fe & Globin
reutilisasi
Besi Heme hrs tetap

berada dlm bentuk
Fe2+
Methemoglobin Reductase,
koensim NADH (dr EMP)
Genetik : HbM
Akuisita : Oksidan
GSSG Oxidized Glutathione GSH Reduced
Sintesis Hemoglobin :
Heme
Globin
Defek Sintesis Heme

Defek Sintesis Globin
(Kualitatif &
Kuantitatif)
HEMOGLOBINOPATHY
ERITROSIT
Karakteristik struktur, isi &

sifat metabolisme eritrosit
mendukung fungsinya yaitu
utk transport gas
Cakram bikonkaf luas
permukaan relatif lebih
besar dibandingkan
volume sel
Kandungan eritrosit : >
97% volume adalah
hemoglobin (viskositas
rendah deformabilitas
sel)
ATP dihasilkan secara
anaerob, shg eritrositCopyright
tidak
2004, Medicine School of Shandong University
Membran Eritrosit
Bersifat semipermeabel
Cytoskeleton eritrosit merupakan

jejaring yang dibentuk oleh protein
filamentosa yg kompleks
Fungsi membran
1) Mempertahankan bentuk sel
2) Melindungi sel & memungkinkan sel bertahan
thd stress selama melalui mikrovaskulatur
(berubah bentuk tanpa merubah komposisi
sel)
3) Berperan penting dlm transport ke dalam & ke
luar sel :
a. Transport pasif (difusi, osmosis, facilitated
diffusion)
b. Transport aktif (ion-pumps, co-transport)
STRUKTUR MEMBRAN
Lipid 43%: fosfolipid, kolesterol, glikolipid

Protein 49% - lebih dari 50 jenis protein
Karbohidrat 8%
Fluid-Mosaic Plasma Membrane
Membran eritrosit mrpk struktur yg dinamis

Fluid-Mosaic Model
Fluid
Membran plasma berbentuk

cair pd suhu tubuh, krn
kandungan fosfolipid tak jenuh
Rasio kandungan asam lemak
tak jenuh : jenuh pd bbrp tipe sel
berbeda2 fluiditas berbeda
o
o
Mosaic
> 50 jenis protein membran membentuk pola
anyaman asimetris di bagian dalam & luar membran
Protein perifer dan protein integral (hidrofilik di luar,
hidrofobik di dalam)
LIPID BILAYER
Fosfolipid & glikolipid dg gugus polar hidrofilik
di permukaan eksternal & internal, gugus non
polar hidrofobik di tengah membran
membran sbg liquid sealer
FLUIDITAS MEMBRAN
Perubahan fluiditas mempengaruhi konformasi,

orientasi, mobilitas dan clustering protein
membran
Fluiditas membran terutama ditentukan oleh
komposisi lipid
Kolesterol memegang peranan penting dalam
mempertahankan struktur matriks bilayer
Peningkatan komponen kolesterol menurunkan
fluiditas membran
Fluiditas lapisan lipid bilayer

ditentukan oleh komposisinya
1.
Panjang rantai asam lemak

Lebih pendek gaya van der Walls <<
makin cair
2.Kejenuhan rantai asam lemak
Makin tidak jenuh (asam lemak Cis rantai
ganda) makin cair
3.Kandungan kolesterol (rasio
kolesterol:fosfolipid)
Makin tinggi kolesterol fluiditas <<
PROTEIN MEMBRAN PERIFER

Berikatan ionik dg membran.
Terlepas bila terpapar garam
konsentrasi tinggi, larutan dg
kekuatan ionik sangat tinggi/
rendah atau pH ekstrim.
Lapisan lipid bilayer tetap
intact.
Menentukan viskoelastisitas
membran bentuk, stabilitas
& deformabilitas
Contoh : Spectrin, Ankyrin,
Protein band 4.1, Actin
PROTEIN MEMBRAN INTEGRAL
Tidak larut dlm air.

Tidak terlepas/ larut dlm
paparan garam konsentrasi
tinggi (>100mM NaCl).
Menyatu dg lapisan lipid bilayer
melalui interaksi hidrofobik
protein-lipid, hanya dpt terlepas
bila tjd kerusakan struktur lipid
bilayer, mis krn paparan
detergen.
Biasanya berupa protein2 transmembran, kontak dg
permukaan dalam & luar.
Contoh : band 3 (transport channel utk glukosa & ion2),
Glycophorins A (sifat antigenik-gol drh ABO)
Fungsi Protein Membran

Transport
Protein
Channel
Proteins
channel for
lipid insoluble
molecules and
ions to pass
freely through
Carrier
Proteins
bind to a
substance and
carry it across
membrane,
change shape
in process
Enzymatic
Protein
Signal binding
proteins
Cellular
joining
Carry out
enzymatic
reactions
right at the
membrane
when a
substrate binds
to the active
site
Bind to
chemical
messengers
(ex. hormones)
which sends a
message into
the cell
causing
cellular
reaction
Bind cells
together
Tight junctions
Gap junctions
Cell
Recognition
Protein
Glycoproteins
(and
glycolipids) on
extracellular
surface serve
as ID tags
(which species,
type of cell,
individual).
Carbohydrates
are short
branched
chains of less
than 15 sugars
Attachment Protein
Attach to
cytoskeleton (to
maintain cell shape
and stabilize
proteins) and/or the
extracellular matrix
(integrins connect to
both).
Extracellular Matrix
protein fibers and
carbohydrates
secreted by cells and
fills the spaces
between cells and
supports cells in a
tissue.
Extracellular matrix
can influence activity
inside the cell and
coordinate the
behavior of all the
cells in a tissue.
SISTEM ENZIM MEMBRAN ERITROSIT

Fasilitasi pergerakan substrat dari & keluar
sel
1. Na-K-ATPase transport aktif Na
(keluar sel)
& K (masuk sel)
2. Ca-Mg-ATPase calcium pump
transport Ca keluar sel - bila Ca intrasel
terlalu tinggi ggn deformabilitas
Mempertahankan besi dlm keadaan
tereduksi
Menghasilkan ATP & NADPH
Sintesis heme
Bagaimana molekul bergerak keluar masuk

sel ?
Molekul keluar masuk sel dg :

1. Passive Transport : diffusi, facilitated diffusion, osmosis
2. Active Transport : endositosis, pinositosis, fagositosis
What is Diffusion?
Diffusion is the net movement of

molecules from a high
concentration to a low
concentration until equally
distributed.
Diffusion rate is related to
temperature, pressure, state of
matter, size of concentration
gradient, and surface area of
membrane.
Gases (oxygen, carbon dioxide)

Water molecules (rate slow due to polarity)
Lipids (steroid hormones)
Lipid soluble molecules (hydrocarbons, alcohols, some
vitamins)
Small noncharged molecules (NH3)
What is Facilitated Diffusion?
Facilitated diffusion is the net movement of

molecules from a high concentration to a low
concentration with the aid of channel or
carrier proteins.
Ions (Na+, K+, Cl-)
Sugars (Glucose)
Amino Acids
Small water soluble
molecules
Water (faster rate)
OSMOSIS
Molekul air bergerak dari larutan dg konsentrasi solute lebih

rendah menuju konsentrasi lebih tinggi melalui membran
semi permeabel
Tekanan Osmotik
Dihasilkan oleh zat terlarut (solute) dalam

larutan
Merupakan tekanan yg mencegah molekul air
memasuki larutan dengan konsentrasi solute
lebih tinggi
Meningkat bila
jumlah partikel
terlarut bertambah
How Do Hypotonic, Hypertonic, and Isotonic Solutions

Affect the Water Movement of a Cell?
Dlm lar isotonis
Dlm lar hipotonis
Dlm lar hipertonis
Tek osmotik larutan sama

dng tek osmotik intra
eritrosit
[solute] < [solute] lar

fisiologis tek. osmotik <
molekul air bergerak
memasuki eritrosit
eritrosit bengkak & pecah
(hemolisis)
[solute]> [solute] lar

fisiologis tek. osmotik >
molekul air bergerak
keluar eritrosit eritrosit
kisut (krenasi)
Disebut sbg larutan

fisiologis
Glukosa 5.0% atau NaCl
0.90%
Eritrosit udem
Eritrosit normal
A red cell in a low salt

solution will swell and
burst as water flows into
the more concentrated
solution inside the cell
A red cell in a
physiological salt
solution has normal
shape
Crenated cell
A red cell in a high salt

solution will shrivel as
water flows out into the
more concentrated
Copyright 2004, Medicine School of Shandong Universitysurrounding solution
Jalur metabolisme utama eritrosit
Eritrosit memerlukan energi utk :

Mempertahankan
Rx2 enzimatik
deformabilitas & elastisitas membran

pembentukan ATP, mempertahankan besi
dlm keadaan tereduksi (Fe2+)
Transport ion Na, K, Ca keseimbangan osmotik intrasel
Tdpt 2 jalur metabolisme utama eritrosit :

1.Glikolisis anaerob (Jalur Embden-Meyerhof/ EMP) energi
sbg ATP (1 molekul glukosa 2 ATP)
2.Hexose Monophosphate (HMP Shunt / Jalur Pentose
Phosphate) NADH & NADPH sbg daya pereduksi
NADH : Nicotinamide Adenin Dinucleotide; NADPH Copyright
: Nicotinamide
Adenin
Dinucleotide
Phosphate
2004, Medicine
School
of Shandong University
EMP juga
menghasilkan NADH
yg diperlukan oleh
enzim
Methemoglobin
reduktase utk
mereduksi MetHb
MetHb
reductase
pathway
EmbdenMeyerhof
Pathway (EMP)
G-6-PD
GSSG
Menghas NADPH utk

aktifitas Glutathion
reduktase (reduksi GSSG
mjd GSH) GSH utk
dekomposisi H2O2 (H2O2
>> pbtk MetHb)
NADPH juga diperlukan oleh
MetHb reduktase utk
mempertahankan besi tetap
dalam keadaan tereduksi
Luebering-Rapoport Shunt
**
NADH
Hb(Fe3+)
Hb(Fe2+)
MetHb
reductas
e
**
Hexose Monophosphate
Shunt (HMP)/ Pentose
Phosphat
Pyruvate-Kinase
Jalur Luebering Rapoport

menghasilkan 2,3-DPG (2,3Diphosphoglycerate) mbtk
komplek dg Hb (1 : 1)
mengatur afinitas Hb thd O2
G-6-PD = Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase

Jalur HMP/ Pentose Phosphate
Jalur PentosePhosphate/ HexoseMonophosphate

(HMP) Shunt
Juga dihasilkan NADPH

G6PD mereduksi NADP (nicotinamideadenine-dinucleotide phosphate) mjd NADPH
NADPH mereduksi oxidized glutathione
(GSSG) mjd btk tereduksi (GSH)
melindungi membran eritrosit & Hb dr stress
oksidatif
ASPEK KLINIS
Maintenance of hgb function requires active

RBC metabolic pathways for ATP production.
ATP is required for:
Maintaining hgb in the reduced form
Membrane integrity and deformability
Maintaining the RBC intracellular volume
Producing adequate amounts of NADH,
NADPH, and GSH
RBCs generate energy almost exclusively from
the anaerobic breakdown of glucose - 4
metabolic pathways are important for
maintaining cellular energetics.
ASPEK KLINIS
MetHgb Reductase Pathway - maintains iron

in the reduced functional state.
There are 2 pathways, the NADH and the
NADPH reductase pathways. They are
dependent upon NADH and NADPH
respectively.
In the absence of the enzymes or NADH
and NADPH, metHgb, which can't
transport O2, is formed.
Jalur LueberingLuebering-Rapoport shuntRapoport

- causes the
accumulation of 2,3 DPG which is important in

decreasing the hgb affinity for O2 during O2
unloading.
Menghasilkan midproduct 2,3-DPG

Regulasi afinitas Hb thd O2
Akumulasi 2,3-DPG akan

menurunkan afinitas Hb
thd O2 O2 dilepas ke
jaringan
ASPEK KLINIS :
ANEMIA HEMOLITIK
ASPEK KLINIS :
PCH : Paroxysmal Cold Hemoglobinuria

HDN : Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn
HUS : Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome
TTP : Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura
DIC : Diseminated Intravascular Coagulation
PNH : Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria
ANEMIA HEMOLITIK
ASPEK KLINIS : Defek membran eritrosit

Abnormalitas jumlah atau struktur protein
membran
1) Hereditary
spherocytosis
(HS)
2) Hereditary
elliptocytosis
(HE)
HS
Definisi
Etiologi
HE
Merupakan kelainan genetik autosomal

dominan, ditandai dg defek membran eritrosit,
mengakibatkan membran menjadi kurang
deformable dan mudah pecah.
Ankyrin dan Spectrin
Morfologi
Eritrosit berukuran
lebih kecil, lebih
bulat (tidak
bikonkaf)
Lebih fragil
Spectrin, protein 4.1,

protein 4.2
Eritrosit
elips
berbentuk
defek enzim
eritrosit
ASPEK KLINIS :
Defisiensi Glucose-6phosphate dehydrogenase

(G-6-PD)
Antioksidan
Antioksidan
Stress Oksidatif
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
:
Antimalaria : Primakuin
Sulfonamide
Nitrofuran
Phenacetin
Vit K sintetis
Naphthalene (moth balls)
Makanan : kacang fava
Infeksi
Ketoasidosis diabetik
Episode hemolitik
ekstravaskuler
HMP Shunt mrpk satu2nya
akut stlh paparan
penghasil NADPH utk eritrosit
oksidan, tbtk Heinz
bodies
defek enzim
eritrosit
ASPEK KLINIS :
Glycolysis- generates 90% of the required ATPthe breakdown of 1 glucose generates 2 ATP
and 2 NADH.
5 - 10% of the glucose is metabolized by
Hexose monophosphate shunt (pentose
phosphate shunt). It produces NADPH and GSH
which protect the RBC from oxidative injury.
If the concentrations of these are too low,
the globin will denature and precipitate in
the cell. This is seen as Heinz bodies which
attach to the membrane causing membrane
damage and RBC destruction.
ASPEK KLINIS :
defek enzim eritrosit
Defek pada Jalur Reduksi Methemoglobin
Normal : Selama fase deoksigenasi Hb 1 3% Hb

teroksidasi mjd MetHb tiap hari direduksi kembali
oleh enzim Methemoglobin reduktase (MetHb
reduction pathway)
Oksidasi Fe2+ mjd Fe3+ pbtk Methemoglobin tidak mampu mengikat O
Hb(Fe3+)
NADH (dr. jalur EMP)

Methemoglobin
reductase
Hb(Fe2+)
- Unstable Hemoglobins
METHEMOGLOBINEMIA
(herediter)
- Defisiensi MetHb-reductase
defek enzim
eritrosit
ASPEK KLINIS :
Eritrosit mempertahankan volume &

homeostasis air dg pengaturan konsentrasi Na+
& K+ oleh pompa kation yg memerlukan ATP.
ATP juga diperlukan oleh pompa Ca2+ utk
mencegah tertimbunnya Ca2+ di dalam sel.
Jika sel kekurangan ATP timbunan Na+ dan
Ca2+ intraseluler, kekurangan K+ & air
dehidrasi sel, ggn deformabilitas eritrosit
survival & umur eritrosit
ASPEK KLINIS
Kandungan asam lemak & kolesterol diit & adanya

penyakit2 yang mempengaruhi metabolisme
kolesterol (penyakit hati & empedu, ggn enzim)
mempengaruhi komposisi asam lemak & kolesterol
membran perubahan bentuk membran (sel
target, acanthocyte) gangguan fleksibilitas &
deformabilitas eritrosit survival dan umur
eritrosit
ASPEK KLINIS
Adanya komponen
protein di bagian luar
membran eritrosit
bermuatan negatif (zeta
potential) tdk
menempel satu sama lain
Zeta potential is the potential difference

between the dispersion medium and the
stationary layer of fluid attached to the
dispersed particle.
A high zeta potential will confer stability, i.e., the
solution or dispersion will resist aggregation.
When the potential is low, attraction exceeds
repulsion and the dispersion will break and
flocculate
Perubahan komposisi protein plasma akan menurunkan

zeta potential rouleaux eritrosit peningkatan LED
Inflamasi peningkatan kadar fibrinogen
rouleaux eritrosit
Multiple Myeloma sintesis globulin oleh sel
plasma rouleaux eritrosit
HEMOLISIS ERITROSIT
(left : without hemolysis) red blood cell suspension (0.5% sheep RBCs in saline), seems red and
opaque.
(middle : without hemolysis) RBCs sedimented spontaneously for 60 min. Note that the supernatant is
not colored.
(right : hemolysis) RBC suspension treated with the hemolysin of S. pyogenes at 37C for 30 min,
become transparent by hemolysis.
When there is a decrease in the surface

area to the cell volume, as in the
spherocyte, the osmotic fragility is
increased. The resistance of such cells
to hypotonic solutions is decreased.
In cells as the fragmentosit and target
cell, where the surface area relationship
to the volume of the cell is increased
over that typified in the normal
erythrocyte, then there is an increased
resistance to hypotonic solutions. Such
cells have a decreased osmotic
fragility.
Tube
mLs
1.0%
NaCl
mLs
distilled
water
NaCl Conc.
(%)
0.0
10.0
2
3
4
9.0
8.0
7.5
1.0
2.0
2.5
0.2
0.4
0.5
Hemolisis total
Hemolisis sebagian
Tidak terjadi
hemolisis
7.0
3.0
0.6
Tidak terjadi
hemolisis
6.5
3.5
0.7
Tidak terjadi
hemolisis
6.0
4.0
0.8
Tidak terjadi
hemolisis
5.5
4.5
0.9
Tidak terjadi
hemolisis (isotonis)
Hemolisis total
Test Fragilitas
Osmotik Eritrosit
(Osmotic
Fragility Test)
HEREDITARY SPHEROCYTOSIS
Hasil Tes Fragilitas Osmotik Eritrosit
EXPOSURE TO CHEMICAL SOLVENTS
Exposure measurements in combination with

analysis of haematological parameters may be a
tool for early detection of cellular changes in the
blood caused by exposure to solvents, before the
appearance of clinical symptoms.
Exposure to toxic metals
Lead poisoning
Erythrocytes as an important target of lead toxicity
After ingestion or inhalation, lead molecules enters
the bloodstream where it is predominantly bound to
erythrocyte proteins, cause proteolysis and disruption
of RBC membrane.
Lead alters lipid metabolism, enhances lipid
peroxidation and decreases cell membrane fluidity.
Lead may be responsible causing osmotic change in
blood hence osmotic fragility is the reason for
hemolysis.
SNAKE VENOM
Snake venom is a complex mixture of proteolytic enzymes,

peptidases proteinases, phospholipases and neurotoxins that
are able to cause serious damage to the musculoskeletal, blood
clotting, cardiopulmonary, renal and central nervous systems.
Hemotoxic effects induce hemolysis, fibrinogen proteolysis, and
thrombocytopenia, which, along with activation of plasminogen,
can lead to a bleeding diathesis in severe envenomation.
Phospholipase A2 catalyzes the hydrolysis of
phosphoglycerides creating phospholipids, which have
detergent properties with a highly polar hydrophilic head and a
hydrophobic tail and therefore they are capable of damaging
cell membranes by breaking the continuity of its bilayer lipid.
KALSIUM
Fungsi struktural mineral tulang & gigi

Fungsi regulasi :
- Second messenger
kerja hormon
- Kontraksi otot
- Konduksi syaraf
- Pembekuan darah
- Kofaktor utk aktivasi enzim
- Aktifitas sekretorik
klj eksokrin & endokrin
TRANSPORT KALSIUM DLM

DARAH
Kalsium ekstraseluler &
intraseluler hanya 1% dr total
kalsium tubuh
Kalsium intraseluler : 0.0001
konsentrasi kalsium
ekstraseluler
Konsentrasi kalsium
ekstraseluler & intraseluler
diatur dg ketat
Dlm darah kalsium berada dlm
3 bentuk :
Free (ionized) calcium (50%)

fungsional
Terikat pd albumin (40%)

Kompleks dg bikarbonat, sitrat
atau fosfat (10%)
PERAN KALSIUM (Ca2+)

dlm hemostasis
Trtm di jalur intrinsik & jalur bersama

Ca2+ sbg koenzim, berikatan dg faktor koagulasi
& mengaktifkan faktor koagulasi punya
aktifitas enzimatik; memungkinkan ikatan faktor
koagulasi pd membran fosfolipid trombosit
teraktivasi
Antikoagulan in vitro mrpk Ca-chelating agents
(Sitrat, EDTA, Oksalat) mengikat Ca2+
KONTROL HOMEOSTASIS KALSIUM & FOSFAT
PERUBAHAN KADAR KALSIUM DARAH

Hipokalsemia
Tetani otot (carpopedal spasm)
Dilatasi jantung
permeabilitas membran sel
Ggn pembekuan darah
Carpopedal Spasm
Hiperkalsemia
Depresi sistem syaraf, reflex
Kelemahan otot
Ggn motilitas usus, konstipasi
Pembentukan kristal kalsium fosfat
Koreksi kadar Calcium
Perubahan kadar albumin 1 gram/dL

perubahan kadar kalsium serum 0.8 mg/dL
Kadar albumin serum normal 3.5 - 5.0 g/dl
Bila tidak misdiagnosis hiperkalsemia
Calcium terkoreksi Albumin =

Serum calcium + [(4 -albumin) X 0.8]
Contoh: Ca 10.5 mg/dL & Alb 2.5 g/dL:
= 10.5 + [(4 2.5) X 0.8] = 11.7 mg/dL
SAFETY PRECAUTION
Jangan bercanda, membau botol, mencampur-campur
reagen yg tdk diinstruksikan utk dicampur.
Berhati-hatilah bila bekerja dg bahan uji yang berasal
dr bahan biologis darah, krn kemungkinan adanya
kuman atau virus yg berbahaya spt HIV, Hepatitis B
dan hepatitis C.
Selalu gunakan sarung tangan karet.
Hindari kemungkinan tertusuk jarum.
Cuci segera tangan atau anggota badan yang
kontak dengan bahan biologis menggunakan
sabun.
The journey of a thousand miles

begins with a single step..
59

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KULIAH PENGANTAR

Copyright 2004, Medicine School of Shandong University

Struktur dan fungsi membran eritrosit

Copyright 2004, Medicine School of Shandong University

EMP (Glikolisis anaerob)

Masuk sel sec facilitated diffusion

Peran G6PD; menghasilkan NADPH

Sumber energi : Glukosa

Konsep Dasar Metabolisme Eritrosit

Tdk punya inti & organela tdk bisa mensintesis protein

Besi Heme hrs tetap

GSSG Oxidized Glutathione GSH Reduced

Copyright 2004, Medicine School of Shandong University

Defek Sintesis Heme

Karakteristik struktur, isi &

Cytoskeleton eritrosit merupakan

Lipid 43%: fosfolipid, kolesterol, glikolipid

Fluid-Mosaic Plasma Membrane

Membran eritrosit mrpk struktur yg dinamis

Membran plasma berbentuk

Copyright 2004, Medicine School of Shandong University

Perubahan fluiditas mempengaruhi konformasi,

Fluiditas lapisan lipid bilayer

Panjang rantai asam lemak

PROTEIN MEMBRAN PERIFER

Copyright 2004, Medicine School of Shandong University

PROTEIN MEMBRAN INTEGRAL

Tidak larut dlm air.

Copyright 2004, Medicine School of Shandong University

Fungsi Protein Membran

Copyright 2004, Medicine School of Shandong University

SISTEM ENZIM MEMBRAN ERITROSIT

Bagaimana molekul bergerak keluar masuk

Molekul keluar masuk sel dg :

Copyright 2004, Medicine School of Shandong University

Diffusion is the net movement of

Gases (oxygen, carbon dioxide)

What is Facilitated Diffusion?

Facilitated diffusion is the net movement of

Copyright 2004, Medicine School of Shandong University

Molekul air bergerak dari larutan dg konsentrasi solute lebih

Dihasilkan oleh zat terlarut (solute) dalam

Copyright 2004, Medicine School of Shandong University

How Do Hypotonic, Hypertonic, and Isotonic Solutions

Copyright 2004, Medicine School of Shandong University

Dlm lar isotonis

Dlm lar hipotonis

Dlm lar hipertonis

Tek osmotik larutan sama

[solute] < [solute] lar

[solute]> [solute] lar

Disebut sbg larutan

Copyright 2004, Medicine School of Shandong University

A red cell in a low salt

A red cell in a high salt

Jalur metabolisme utama eritrosit

Eritrosit memerlukan energi utk :

deformabilitas & elastisitas membran

Tdpt 2 jalur metabolisme utama eritrosit :

Menghas NADPH utk

Jalur Luebering Rapoport

G-6-PD = Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase

Jalur HMP/ Pentose Phosphate

Jalur PentosePhosphate/ HexoseMonophosphate