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CELL ULTRASTRUCTURE
MAGSOMBOL, MARIE ELIZABETH
MALIJAN, HONEY GRACE
MARQUINA, PATRICIA VENISSE
RAMOS, LORIE ANN

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CELL MEMBRANE
(PLASMALEMMA)

membrane that surrounds the cell and regulates the

passage of materials both into and out of cells

the hydrophobic interior of the membrane is an

effective permeability barrier for hydrophilic molecules
and ions

Functions:

transfer of nutrients and metabolites

attachment of the cell to the adjacent cells and

extracellular matrix

communication with the external environment

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CYTOPLASM

contains a number of organelles each with a defined

function

Cytosol fluid medium in the cytoplasm in which the

organelles are suspended and many metabolic
reactions take place

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NUCLEUS

largest organelle in the cell

site within the eukaryotic cell where the chromosomes

are localized and replicated

repository of most of the cells genetic information and

the control center of that information

bounded by a nuclear envelope separated by a

perinuclear space

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ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

consists of tubular membranes and flattened sacs

(cisternae) that are interconnected

lumen internal space enclosed by the ER membranes

Rough ER

studded with ribosomes

for protein synthesis

Smooth ER

no ribosomes

involved in the synthesis of lipids and steroids

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GOLGI COMPLEX

a series of flattened, membrane-bounded cisternae,

disk-shaped sacs that are stacked together

golgi stack a series of cisternae

stores, packages and transports proteins from the ER

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LYSOSOME & PEROXISOME

LYSOSOME

a cell organelle containing enzymes that digest particles and

that disintegrate the cell after its death (apoptosis)

principal organelles involved in:

Heterophagy digestion of phagocytosed material from

outside

Autophagy digestion of unneeded of senescent organelles

PEROXISOME

a cell organelle containing catalase, peroxidase, and other

oxidative enzymes

Oxidases are utilized in catabolic pathways which form

hydrogen peroxide that is used by certain phagocytic cells to
kill ingested microorganisms

Catalase regulates hydrogen peroxide concentration

performs essential metabolic functions

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MITOCHONDRION

most of aerobic energy metabolism takes place within

this organelle (cellular respiration)

clustered within regions with the most intense

metabolic activity and the greatest need for ATP

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CYTOSKELETON

supporting framework of minute filaments and tubules

maintains the shape and the polarity of the cell

three major structural elements:

microfilaments accommodate changes in cell shape and

cell movement

intermediate filaments for support and strength

microtubules for movement and internal support to the

cell (centriole)

PROKARYOTE VS. EUKARYOTE

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Prokaryotes can perform
cellular functions even if they
lack membrane bound

Cell Wall lends to the shape of the cell; two types are
gram positive and gram negative

Pili hair-like projections surrounding the outer layer of

the cell; enables bacteria to stick-on surfaces or latchon other cells

Capsule thick covering of the cell wall that can

provide protection from phagocytosis, chemicals and
dehydration; the sticky nature allows it to adhere to
other cells; found in gram-positive bacteria and bluegreen algae

Flagellum attached to the cell wall, usually described as

whip-like; most prokaryotes are in constant motion and only
able to move forward and backward

Plasma Membrane a thin, flexible asymmetrical sac that

essentially contains the cell; serves as a passageway for
anything that enters or leaves the cell such as nutrients and
gases; also holds the cytoplasm

Cytoplasm can be compared, in terms of purpose, as

carrying out similar functions to membrane-bound organelles;
contains enzymes for and carries out metabolism; important
to note that nothing within the cytoplasm is separated via
membrane or well-defined sections, items are suspended in
the semi-fluid gel

Nucleoid or Nuclear Body area of the cytoplasm

where the DNA strand is located

Plasmids tiny rings of DNA that can be transferred to

other cells; anti-biotic resistance is a prime illustration
of the wayprokaryotesshare information with other
prokaryote cells, enabling cells to make adjustments
that ensure survival

Ribosomes combination of RNA and protein, the

function of prokaryotic ribosomes widely depends on
the bacteria

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COMPARISON OF CELL
PARAMETER

PROKARYOTIC

EUKARYOTIC

AVERAGE SIZE

0.1-10 micrometer

10-100 micrometer

COMPLEXITY

Simple (unicellular)

More complex
(mostly
multicellular)

ORGANELLE

Single-membrane
bound

Double-membrane
bound

NUCLEUS (GENETIC
MATERIAL)

Naked (without
histones)

DNA with histones

RIBOSOMES

70S

80S, 70S

CELL DIVISION

Binary fission

Mitosis

SEXUAL
RECOMBINATION

None

Meiosis

ORGANISMS

Eubacteria,
archaebacteria,
cyanobacteria

Plants, animals,
fungi, algae

+DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ANIMAL AND

PLANT CELL

Different kinds of animal cell

Different kinds of plant cell

+Plant cell

Animal cell

Larger in size and regular in

shape

Smaller in size and irregular

in shape

Presence of cellulose cell wall

outside the cell membrane

Absence of cellulose cell wall

Presence of chloroplasts
containing chlorophyll

Absence of chloroplasts

Presence of large vacuoles

containing cell sap

Vacuoles are small or absent

Nucleus beneath the cell wall Nucleus at center of the cell

Have starch granules as food
store

Have glycogen granules as

food store

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Plant cell

Animal cell